Lingerie: What makes women use underwear? :: Essays Papers

Lingerie What makes wo manpower use underwear?IntroductionEver since seventh grade, atomic number 53 of my closest friends has had an eating upset. Liz (name has been changed) al musical modes ideal that her body was not perfect because she secure so happened to be a little bit bigger than most of her friends. What she started to do was starve herself and work out intensely. For lunch, all Liz would eat were Saltines and oranges or apples. level(p) with that lunch she never ate every single thing. My friend started to gestate really thin she was very pale and extremely weak. During sports she never was able to run across for the entire game and she was never able to practice without taking wet breaks or breather breaks. Her anorexia was incredibly noticeable on the lacrosse and soccer fields. Everybody new that something was defame with Liz you could just tell by looking at her. Liz thought that be anorexic would make her have the perfect, ideal Barbie doll body. I think th at settleing all those models in magazines had a huge effect on her because she thought that was what she was suppose to look like. Seeing one of my best friends have an eating disorder since 7th grade has been hard. I would try to talk to her, give her advice, monitor lizard her when or what she would eat, which was hard. My friends eating disorder got so bad that my mammary gland and I had to go to Lizs mom and talk to her. We told her that Liz needed to see a amend and get help. So Lizs mom started to take her to the doctor once a week to get weighed. The doctors would monitor her weight and if did not gain any she would have to go to a hospital to get to a greater extent help. This is just an experience that I have seen, but there atomic number 18 so many more cases like this and that is what the marketers have drilled into our heads. Background spurt has been in existence since 3000 BC and through out the years it has changed drastically for the worst. But underwear has be en here longer even if it wasnt in handed-down clothing material it was formed in some type of way for example leaves. Underwear was first worn only by prostitutes and the lower gradation people. Upper class women thought that underwear were like pants and men only wore pants, but that all started to change once women started to see that underwear was make to cover the private areas on the body.Lingerie What makes women use underwear? Essays paperLingerie What makes women use underwear?IntroductionEver since seventh grade, one of my closest friends has had an eating disorder. Liz (name has been changed) always thought that her body was not perfect because she just so happened to be a little bit bigger than most of her friends. What she started to do was starve herself and work out intensely. For lunch, all Liz would eat were Saltines and oranges or apples. Even with that lunch she never ate every single thing. My friend started to look really thin she was very pale and extreme ly weak. During sports she never was able to play for the entire game and she was never able to practice without taking water breaks or breather breaks. Her anorexia was incredibly noticeable on the lacrosse and soccer fields. Everybody new that something was wrong with Liz you could just tell by looking at her. Liz thought that being anorexic would make her have the perfect, ideal Barbie doll body. I think that seeing all those models in magazines had a huge effect on her because she thought that was what she was suppose to look like. Seeing one of my best friends have an eating disorder since 7th grade has been hard. I would try to talk to her, give her advice, monitor her when or what she would eat, which was hard. My friends eating disorder got so bad that my mom and I had to go to Lizs mom and talk to her. We told her that Liz needed to see a doctor and get help. So Lizs mom started to take her to the doctor once a week to get weighed. The doctors would monitor her weight and if did not gain any she would have to go to a hospital to get more help. This is just an experience that I have seen, but there are so many more cases like this and that is what the marketers have drilled into our heads. BackgroundFashion has been in existence since 3000 BC and through out the years it has changed drastically for the worst. But underwear has been here longer even if it wasnt in traditional clothing material it was formed in some type of way for example leaves. Underwear was first worn only by prostitutes and the lower class people. Upper class women thought that underwear were like pants and men only wore pants, but that all started to change once women started to see that underwear was made to cover the private areas on the body.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

Nora is a captivating character in Ibsens A Dolls House. She swings amid extremes she is either very expert or immensely depressed, prosperous or completely desperate, wise or naive, impotent or purposeful. You can discover this range in Nora, because she staggers between the person she pretends to be and the one she someday hopes to become. Throughout the play, Nora is portrayed as subordinate to her masculine counterpart, Torvald. As most other men during this time, Torvald believed that women were not sufficient of making difficult decisions, or thinking for themselves. As the play progresses, Nora faces a life changing decision to abandon her duty as a wife and mother to find her own individuality. Even though Torvald is responsible for partial deterioration in their marriage, it is Noras feministic beliefs, passion for life, thoughtlessness, and spontaneity that stimulate her ultimate plan to check up on away and shatter all that remained pleasant in Torvalds perfect lit tle fowlhouse.     Nora, the protagonist, has been treated as a "play thing" by her breed and then her husband, Torvald. She is thought to be fragile and incapable of resolving any serious problems. The pet names like lark, squirrel, and songbird (pg.27) further mitigate her status. He also neglected to give significance to her job as a homemaker. Yet her compassion and intelligence must be masked by her childish and supplicating behavior due to the expectations of her society. At the beginning of the play, Nora is still a child in many ways, listening at doors and guiltily eating require sweets (macaroons) behind her husbands back. She has gone straight from her fathers house to her husbands, bringing along her nursemaid to emphasize the fact that shes never been on her own. Shes also never gained a good sense of self. Shes always accepted her fathers and her husbands opinions. And shes aware that Torvald would have no use for a wife who was his equ al. So she would act like a child and manipulate Torvald by pouting or by performing for him. She uses her own being as a lure for the things she wants in life. Her drive to reach her goals are far more unchewable than her desire to care for the family, and life, that she created.      When her secret is revealed, the reality of her status in their marriage awakens her. A... ... been reversed he is the weak one, begging for another chance, and Nora has found strength. This notion suggested that ideas of male supremacy and middle-class respectability were changing. More female were feeling liberated enough to escape their boundaries and move on to more fulfilling lives.Your greatest duty is to understand yourself. At the beginning of the play, Nora doesnt realize she has a self. Shes playing a role. The purpose of her life is to please Torvald or her father, and to raise her children. But by the end of execute Three their roles have been reversed he is the weak one, begging for another chance, and Nora has found strength. I have it in me to become another man (pg.70), he exclaims as he pleads for another chance. She replies with thoughtlessness to anyones feelings but her own by telling him that neither he nor their children were allowed to write to her. By the end of the play, she discovers that her "most unspeakable duty"(pg.68), is to herself. She leaves to find out who she is and how she can become gratified with her life. The sound of the door shutting as Nora leaves Torvald (pg.72) exemplifies the end of her role as his beloved doll wife.

The Celebration Of Chanukah :: essays research papers fc

The Celebration of ChanukahThe taper light flickered in Dorothy Abramawitzs eye. In her tiny, pudgy remunerate hand she held the shammus, the force candle, and burned the wick until the flame was glowing brightly. While she began to light the first candle on the menorah, she heard her mothers congressman singing softly, Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Asher Kideshonu Bemitzvosov Vetzivonu Lehadlik Ner Chanukah. felicitous are You, Lord our God King of the universe, Who has sanctified us by His commandments, and has commanded us to kindle the lights of Chanukah. She passed the shammus candle to her sister, who lit the second candle and then passed it to her sidekick to light the third. Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Sheoso Nisim Laavoseinu Bayomim Hoheim Bizman Hazeh. Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old, at this season. This passing of the candle went until all eightsome of the siblin gs had had a go on to light a candle, and by the time t wear had finished, it left the Chanukah menorah fully ablaze. Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Shehechiyonu Vekiyimonu, Vehigionu Lizman Hazeh. Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, and has carry on us, and enabled us to take a leak this season.Dorothy watched the hot wax glide from the top of the candle, down its body, and splatter on the wooden table on which the menorah was standing tall. Chanukah was her favorite Jewish holiday to celebrate. It was a time of family, good food, and gifts. It was a time for remembrance of the miracles that God had once done for her people, and could do once again. But this years celebration was different. in that location were no gifts or extravagant feasts. There was no laughter or loud celebrations. A black blanket covered the window, so that she could not mold the Russian landscape outside the house, and so that the Gestapo could not se e the familys Jewish practices. Everything they did had to be hidden now, had to be concealed. Her embrown eyes danced and her glossy brown curls shined in the firelight. Shifting them from the menorah toward her mother, she had to laugh. Even her mothers appearance was different this year. On top of her mothers head was a yammika, the traditional hat that the men of the family wore on their heads whenever they prayed or gave a blessing.The Celebration Of Chanukah essays research papers fc The Celebration of ChanukahThe candle light flickered in Dorothy Abramawitzs eyes. In her tiny, pudgy right hand she held the shammus, the host candle, and burned the wick until the flame was glowing brightly. While she began to light the first candle on the menorah, she heard her mothers voice singing softly, Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Asher Kideshonu Bemitzvosov Vetzivonu Lehadlik Ner Chanukah. Blessed are You, Lord our God King of the universe, Who has sanctified us by His commandments, and has commanded us to kindle the lights of Chanukah. She passed the shammus candle to her sister, who lit the second candle and then passed it to her brother to light the third. Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Sheoso Nisim Laavoseinu Bayomim Hoheim Bizman Hazeh. Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old, at this season. This passing of the candle went until all eight of the siblings had had a chance to light a candle, and by the time that had finished, it left the Chanukah menorah fully ablaze. Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Shehechiyonu Vekiyimonu, Vehigionu Lizman Hazeh. Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, and has preserved us, and enabled us to reach this season.Dorothy watched the hot wax glide from the top of the candle, down its body, and splatter on the wooden table on which the menorah was standing tall. Chanukah was her favorite Je wish holiday to celebrate. It was a time of family, good food, and gifts. It was a time for remembrance of the miracles that God had once done for her people, and could do once again. But this years celebration was different. There were no gifts or extravagant feasts. There was no laughter or loud celebrations. A black blanket covered the window, so that she could not see the Russian landscape outside the house, and so that the Gestapo could not see the familys Jewish practices. Everything they did had to be hidden now, had to be concealed. Her brown eyes danced and her glossy brown curls shined in the firelight. Shifting them from the menorah toward her mother, she had to laugh. Even her mothers appearance was different this year. On top of her mothers head was a yammika, the traditional hat that the men of the family wore on their heads whenever they prayed or gave a blessing.

Swot analysis of the english national opera Essay -- essays research p

SWOT analysis of the English National OperaSTRENGTHSThe product is definite.Although there are many different titles of shows and ship canal of performing Opera, on the whole the customer knows, when attending a performance, what to expect.Accessibility is improving. Through recent more widespread distribution of Videos/DVDs and CDs in well cognize music stores. Also through Touring and Open-air Opera and to some extent educational workshops and talks, the English National Opera (ENO) has improved availability socially, geographically and physically. On a social level, Opera can be taken to the people, giving it a new and more innovative image therefore creating interest passim a more widespread number and class of people. Thus allowing Opera attendees to begin to be stereotyped in a different way, which in itself improves accessibility to those who believed they simply were not of a high enough class to attend Opera. On a geographical level, people no longer need to run short to the only venue of the ENO The London Coliseum, and on a physical level, the new Coliseum has unspoiled disability access and also have improved orchestra defend and stage doors from the workshop, allowing even more fantastic set designs to be constructed.Offer a varied range of performances all year round. The ENO have a full schedule of shows throughout the season. John Nelson, a board member said that this is a very positive thing as if there is a repair turnover of performances and events people can get into the habit of attending. Communication links between interested parties are solid. Within the Opera circle communion is frequent. The ENO has a long list of friends and mailing recipients with whom there is frequent contact and updates about events, up and coming performances and invitations to preview nights, the opinions surveys regarding all aspects of the ENO are often post to the Friends of the ENO. This regular contact makes people feel as if they are involved and play a role in the success of the Opera House.Price elasticity. understructure prices vary greatly so that more people can afford to attend the Opera. Typically those from social classes A and B attended the Opera, and this was partly to do with the cost of tickets. The ENO have made an effort to change this and have introduced more variable ticket pricing. For example... ...opportunities that may help to boost income.Reduction in presidency funding.Due to the increasing diversity and number of other Art forms in need of support and the excessive amount upon which Opera Companies have begun to rely on government subsidy (Arts Council), the government has reduced it funding for Opera Companies. Although the ENOs funding has seen less of a cut than others, it has still been reduced.Growing statutory responsibilities of local authorities. change magnitude responsibility to finance other areas of local interest means the local authority has almost halved its financial support for th e ENO in the last six years. pricy legalities related to producing Opera.The increasing costs of insurance and applying to health and safety regulations is a threat to the future of the ENO.BibliographyArts Council England (2002), http//www.artscouncil.org.uk/. UK The National Lottery CommissionDavies, Anita (2003), OPERA ethnical Trends. UK Policy Studies Insitute English National Opera (2001), http//www.eno.org. UK EmapdigitalThanks to-John Nelson, member of the Board of Directors of the English National Opera Company.

Analysis of the Guiness Trust LTD Business Plan Essay -- essays resear

For all successful barter such as the Guinness conceive one needs to have a business computer programme, which normally comprises of a 5 year plan detailing their operating plans. The plan details where you are now, where you want to be and your plan for growth. In short this is a blue print of the steps needed to build any business. A business plan is often required to obtain monetary funds, whether from investors or local government. Potential investors leave alone look at the strength of the plan before your business is considered for investment, they will be looking for a plan which indicates a healthy return of profit. With good business plans in til nowed, investors will want to join any successful business such as the Parchment Housing Group Ltd which joined as part of the Guinness Trust Group. This plan also helps to structure the financial side of any business, but essentially it helps to raise funds if required. The plan is not just for banks and investors but is a guide post for employees. It also demonstrates to people that you are price supporting and communicates to staff and other interested parties in what direction you are heading. Guinness Trust Business plan state how they were able to focus their efforts, set objectives, what its priorities are, stated their vision, what their core values are and set which way the company was heading. It also enabled it to set realistic targets that allow some flexibility without deviating away from their core objectives. The Guinness assurance have sound and comprehensive plans which includes the Strategic Plan , the five year reach plan, environmental plan ,construction clients charter action plan and the national action plan. With these plans they are able to sustain a viable business which... ... hardly in companies and nobody had ever heard of e-mails, let alone mobile phones, profit or the company intranet. Present Day companies need to be aware of the latest technologies to be able to stay in competition, and possibly improve their products. in conclusion legal constraints which all though not part off the PEST analysis but is part of PESTLE and SLEPT analysis I feel its still just as important as the rest of the categories of PEST. Factors such as changes in law and regulations are such issues that companies need to be aware of and to forestall in which changes may affect the way they perform.Looking at the business plan of the Guinness Trust Ltd they have more than just covered the basic limit of a business plan when you read it, it leaves you in no doubt that they have covered every aspect that might be asked of them from any upcoming investor.

Analysis of the Guiness Trust LTD Business Plan Essay -- essays resear

For any successful business such(prenominal) as the Guinness Trust maven needs to make water a business plan, which normally comprises of a 5 year plan detailing their operating plans. The plan details where you atomic number 18 now, where you indispensableness to be and your plan for growth. In short this is a blue print of the steps needed to build any business. A business plan is oft required to obtain monetary funds, whether from investors or local government. Potential investors will look at the strength of the plan before your business is considered for investment, they will be looking for a plan which indicates a healthy return of profit. With good business plans instilled, investors will want to join any successful business such as the Parchment Housing Group Ltd which joined as part of the Guinness Trust Group. This plan also helps to structure the financial side of any business, unless essentially it helps to raise funds if required. The plan is not fair for banks a nd investors but is a guide post for employees. It also demonstrates to people that you are worth backup and communicates to staff and other interested parties in what direction you are heading. Guinness Trust Business plan stated how they were able to focus their efforts, set objectives, what its priorities are, stated their vision, what their inwardness values are and set which way the company was heading. It also enabled it to set realistic targets that allow some flexibility without deviating away from their core objectives. The Guinness trust have sound and comprehensive plans which includes the Strategic Plan , the five year action plan, environmental plan ,construction clients charter action plan and the national action plan. With these plans they are able to sustain a viable business which... ... hardly in companies and nobody had ever heard of e-mails, let alone mobile phones, internet or the company intranet. Present Day companies need to be aware of the latest t echnologies to be able to stay in competition, and possibly improve their products. Lastly sub judice constraints which all though not part off the PEST analysis but is part of PESTLE and SLEPT analysis I feel its still just as important as the rest of the categories of PEST. Factors such as changes in law and regulations are such issues that companies need to be aware of and to anticipate in which changes may affect the way they perform.Looking at the business plan of the Guinness Trust Ltd they have more than just covered the basic contents of a business plan when you read it, it leaves you in no doubt that they have covered every aspect that might be asked of them from any future investor.

The Xerox Company Essay

They help many transactiones to be able to function and communicate. Xerox is a family business. The chief operating officers brother and husband both work for the company. However the fact that Xerox is a family business has in no way affected the CEOs ability to make business or personal lasts. The companys best interest is always her top priority. The ability to keep her personal and business life separate is a unique characteristic that all successful management staff posses. After watching the Xerox video and thinking rough the characteristics for managerial decisions, made me have no envy for the CEOs position. The typical characteristics of managerial decisions are lack of structure, uncertainty of risk, as well as conflict. In fact, the way the CEO obtained her position was full of uncertainty and I am sure there was conflict as well.The way the former CEO was forced out of office seemed to show a lack of structure with no contingency plan. There was a past scare of bankru ptcy that whitethorn have future investors and employees questioning the structure of the company. The new CEO has made several positive moves for the company but is still forced to eliminate jobs to geld costs. The CEO of Xerox is much like many other CEOs of other large corporations, humble, down to earth and they value their company as well as their employees. They understand that each one of their decisions will affect the rest of the company and those who keep it running. Unfortunately as the CEO she was faced with having no other positive alterative to correcting the deficit other than eliminating positions. The CEO understood that to ensure the future of Xerox was protected that she must make changes immediately.She measured the risks and the consequences and matte up that it was in the best interest of the company to merge. In the end Xerox was faced with a grim future and tough choices. The CEO showed her skills in the decision making process while prevailing equal and e thical to all interested parties. We all learned that in a management roll, especially the office of a CEO is faced with nasty ugly decisions. Every choice that person makes can make or break another persons life. Choices are not always easy nor do they always come with an immediate positive solution. This CEO was Xeroxs last chance to remain a successful company in the future. The company took a huge risk for a sinking company and it paid off. Risk assessment at its finest.

Legality of the bill of rights

School is a private school with 300 students ranging from grade 7 to 12, and 30 staff members and teachers. At the request of Principle Symons, an asset diagnose followed by a qualitative risk assessment was conducted and documented In order to ensure the proper level of protection required for each asset. thither are two servers running services for Premier Collegiate School, the first for administration businesses and the second for the students needs.These servers are critical to the confidentiality, Integrity, and availability of this schools services and business functions. data housed on these servers must be protected and kept confidential, and the proper authorization and authentication methods should be Implemented as well. The principle maintains a notebook estimator that is used for both business and personal uses and therefore is critical in maintaining a secure environment at all times and even remotely. Students are required to have privately owned laptops so he sa me type of security would as well be required as well.These critical assets every generate revenue or represents intellectual property of the organization. Other assets such as the administrators, teachers, and student desktops provided by Premier Collegiate School would be considered major(ip) because it contains customer privacy data that must be properly protected. Other major assets include routers, switches, wireless access points, cabling, and server racks. IT personnel, students, and staff are also considered security risks and therefore he proper level of user security awareness training, workshops, and seminars should be provided to users on the network.Other security measures such as an acceptable drill policy and password policies should be properly instrumented to ensure users are responsible for and deduct their actions on the network. In addition, It would be best practice to implement the proper administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to properly secure each asset. Administrative safeguards are actions and rules implemented to protect knowledge. Technical safeguards are applied to reward and software information systems.Physical safeguards are actions that an organization takes to protect Its actual, tangible resources. Unit 1 Assignment 1 in order to ensure the proper level of protection required for each asset. There are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of this schools services and business and the proper authorization and authentication methods should be implemented as are responsible for and understand their actions on the network. In addition, it would organization takes to protect its actual, tangible resources.

Security organizations and counterterrorism

It is explicitly decl ared in the manual that Islamic religious goals and quests can non be attained except by force though bombings, assassinations, as soundly as wanton slaughter of human beings. Anti-terror professionals are gum olibanum warned that it is nearly futile to try to engage such(prenominal) extremists in any from of dialogue since it has been implanted into their conscious selves that only force and aggression can yield fruits. Counterterrorism efforts should thus not have discussion as one of the ways to manage terrorism since the militias are not responsive to dialogue.The manual declares that Muslims can only differ the alleged condition of uncognizantness by being united and conforming to Muslim religious ideals. Counterterrorist experts are thus informed to be vigilant and on the alert of Islamic groupings since such are the ideal places where Islamic militias congregate, strategize, and share ideas. The terrorism scout offers three key principles necessar y for establishing Islamic phalanx nerves, which include organization advisory committee and commander soldiers and a clearly-defined plan.This informs counterterrorism experts that Islamic terrorists are well-organized groups with a clear hierarchical power struc6ture. It is thus prudent to carry by a systematic dismantling of such organizations for effective handling of terrorism. Such measures would include firsts identifying the actual persons involved in terror activities, from planners to implementers, and then directly dealing with individual(a) persons (Terrorist information Manual, 2000).Several requirements for the Islamic military organizations are listed including counterfeit money and fake documents apartments plus hiding quarters means of communication means of transport ammo and arms information and transport. This implies that such Islamists are well prepared and and then counterterrorism effect ought to have superior preparedness and planning in order to ef fectively tackle terrorism. Among the committees of Islamic military organizations is to kidnap enemy documents, personnel, arms, and secrets.Counterterrorism experts are thus required to be vigilant in securing such entities at all times, curiously those belonging to nations which are ideological enemies with Islamic regimes. The assassination of overseas tourists and enemy personnel is another mission of Islamic militias. Counterterrorism should therefore seek to ensure the pencil eraser of tourists abroad by either offering guidelines on safe places to visit or issuing travel advisories if there is reason to fear for the safety of tourists fleck overseas.Another mission of Muslim jihadists is the spreading of rumors as well as issuing statements that incite the masses against he perceived enemy. Counterterrorism should thus aim to try to obstruct the publication of such inciting statements, intercept and destroy them before they reach their rump audience or destroy the plac es where they are produced. The jihadists as well have the mission of bombing and obliterating embassies plus attacking important financial centers.This calls for heightened and vigilant surveillance on the overseas facilities such as embassies and business premises owned by regimes which the Muslim jihadists consider as enemies. The jihadists also aim to blow up bridges linking cities with neighboring areas as one of their missions. It is vital for counterterrorism personnel to be on the lookout and secure vital bridges to avert any possible strikes. Recruits into the jihadist movement ought to be Muslims. This implies that counterterrorism personnel ought to concentrate on Muslim characters when managing terrorism.Members as well should be mature, that is of the age of majority. Counterterrorism should thus focus on mature Muslim persons when examine terror activities. One requirement for membership is the ability and commitment nobble keep secrets even from the closest persons. Counterterrorism experts ought o be therefore aware that it is hard to extract information from such terrorists and hence devise efficient methods of get such information (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000).Regarding operational moneys, it is stated that they are to be split into 2 parts, with one segment going into schemes that provide monetary returns, succession the other is kept to be spent only in the course of operations. This informs counterterrorism experts that the jihadists operate decoy projects which they use to earn cash for furthering their military objectives. Therefore, any enterprises having Muslim connections ought to be fully investigated to establish their owners, financiers and beneficiaries.The jihadists photos on traveling documents ought not to have a beard according to the manual. This should inform counterterrorism experts that the old notion that Muslims and jihadists always dig beards should be discarded so as to be able to effectively investigate the a ctivities of suspect Muslims. Agreements are to be rent4ed preferably on ground floors to stomach easy escape as well as digging ditches. Counterterrorism experts should thus be on the lookout particularly for suspects who live on ground floors when investigating terrorism activities.Apartments are to be rented preferably within newly- essential localities because people in such areas generally do not know each other and hence strangers are not as easily identifiable as in older neighborhoods. Counterterrorism experts therefore should particularly carry out surveillance in such neighborhoods for any suspicious characters. Organization members are instructed to offer information that is bound to mislead security agencies when they discover that their telephone conversations are being tapped into.This further complicates the mesh of counterterrorism agencies since they ought to be wary of volunteer information that is purported to implicate militants. Proper vetting and scrutiny of any informer-derived information is important to make sure that security agencies do not fall into the tricks of the jihadists and hence end up unnecessarily wasting time and possible resources (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000). The guidebook states that training venues for Islamic military organizations ought t to be located far away from areas with may people.Counterterrorism agencies therefore have got to conduct searches for such training sites away from major cities and towns preferably in the countryside where there are few people residing therein. The Islamic organization generally eliminates overcrowded place such as, train stations, cafes, and recreation places. Security and counterterrorism agencies ought to specifically target less crowded places when carrying out anti-terrorism activities. Members of the organization carrying out strike operations are instructed not to appear Muslim-like and if possible, to completely disguise themselves.This is a challenge for security and counter-terror agencies since it appears like it is pointless to target and investigate overt Muslims regarding terrorism. Priority should be placed on members of the public who do not have outward Muslim appearances. Fighters in the Muslim military organization are taught beforehand about the answers to provide to security forces in the event that they are intercepted. Security agencies thus ought to be a bit more(prenominal) creative and flexible regarding the questions they field to suspects during interrogations.Routine, standard, and typical questions ought to be avoided. Questions should be asked depending on the environment so as to gather useful facts and surprise the Islamists into disclosing valuable information. The guidebook contains instructions to the effect that surveillance vehicle number plates and make should be similar to those of target vehicles. This should appropriately inform security agencies to be cautious when trailing or attacking suspicious vehicles as innocent persons, with cars matching the terrorists vehicle, may be involved.The Islamic organization is seemingly using ciphers according to the guidebook. Security organizations and counterterrorism personnel ought to be well versed with the various systems of cipher text currently employed so as to accurately and speedily interpret information when it is intercepted to help quick and appropriate action (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000). Members of the Islamic organization are instructed not to confess of their involvement with the jihadist movement if they get arrested and are brought to trial.Security agencies should be aware that such characters will not provide any useful information that could lead to the dismantling of the terrorist cells. Other methods of obtaining information, other than interrogation and questioning ought to be developed to ensure effective handling of the terrorists and their activities. Members are as well instructed to be observant, alert, and wat chful of the places they are interrogated at, which mostly are security facilities, so as to pass on information to the jihadist movement regarding the physical set up of such buildings.This should ring a bell in security circles and appropriate places of interrogation should be created to avoid letting the Islamic militia get to know the set up of government facilities in case they plan future attacks on the same. Reference Terrorist Training Manual (May 2000). Provided courtesy of the Behavioral Analysis Program, Operational Training Unit, Counterintelligence Division, FBI Headquarters.

Wiccan Beliefs and Practices

When I think of warlike humanistic discipline, I think about the prototypical time I saw my first Bruce Lee movie. With all the fast movements of Karate or Tae Kwon Do, it seems as though every movie they put out about martial(a) humanistic discipline in the extraction you would have the instructor training the student and then the student taking on the teacher and once he demonstrates that he can beat the teacher or he is proficient at whatever task the teacher has assigned then he can move on to the next move or stage. Each stage of martial humanistic discipline is practiced, and each student must learn concentration.In this paper I will show you the compare between martial arts in the United States and other countries of origin. The single reason martial arts are so great is because it strengthens each of these aspects of tree trunk and mind to make a beautiful display of movement. martial arts are commonly associated with East Asiatic cultures, just now are by no m eans unique to Asia. Throughout Europe there was an extensive system of combat martial arts, collectively referred to as Historical European martial arts, until mod times and now they are being reconstructed by several organizations. intrinsic Americans have a tradition of open-handed martial arts, that includes wrestling and Hawaiians have historically practiced martial arts featuring small and large joints manipulation, its a mix of origins that occur in the athletic movements of Capoeira that was created in brazil nut by Slaves, based on skills brought with them from Africa. Also, there is an early legend in martial 3 compare the teachings of martial arts in the US and Asia arts that tells the tale of an Indian monk Bodhi dharma ( overly called Daruma), believed to have lived around 550 A. D. He is credited with founding the meditative philosophy of Zen Buddhism and with influencing the unarmed combat arts of the Shaolin temple in China. The martial virtues of discipline, humi lity, restraint and respect are attri hardlyed to this philosophy. The teaching of martial arts in Asia has historically followed the cultural traditions of teacher-disciple apprenticeship. Students are trained in a strictly hierarchical system by a master instructor Sifu in Cant matchlessse or Shifu in Mandarin Sensei in Japanese Sa Bum Nim in Korean.The native peoples of North America and South America had their own martial training which began in childhood. Some First Nations men and more rarely, some women were called warriors only after they had proved themselves in battle. Most groups selected individuals for training in the use bows, knives, blowguns, spears, and war clubs in early adolescence. War clubs were the preferred martial weapon because Native American warriors could raise their social status by killing enemies in single combat face to face.Warriors honed their weapons skills and stalking techniques through lifelong training. Martial arts in the United States have ev olved into everything from simple to complex system of fighting. The truth of the matter is all martial arts are similar, they teach similar principles but in different ways. Its like religion, there are many different 4 Comparing the teachings of martial arts in the US and Asia religions but they all have something in common, they worship some form of deity. The one thing they have in common is they promote self-defense.Some martial arts are linked to spiritual or religious beliefs, philosophies such as Daoism, Shinto or Buddhism and other have their own spiritual code of honor. Martial arts are another way of saying the art of combat or it is a weapon used to survive. Kill or be killed. It is a set of movements used for offensive or defensive purposes (called Katas or forms). It can also be a set of movements used to promote health, it has social structure and every movement has a meaning. It has been said that the late Bruce Lee taught that one should take the best from all art s and adapt them to whatever situation one finds oneself in.No matter where you look, or where you are in the world, you will see different kinds of martial arts dojo and training centers. Martial arts have also evolved to accommodate the needs of different ages, from kids and toddlers to grownups. For example, a dojo that offers karate can teach different classes for male and female from varying age levels. What martial arts have expand beyond their countries of origin and be gain popular in the US and why? Martial arts like karate, taekwondo, judo and other oriental styles may have come from Asia.There are other forms of martial arts that originated from countries like Europe and South America. Each style has a unique facet that 5 Comparing the teachings of martial arts in the US and Asia makes them different from other martial arts, methods of training vary and may include sparring or forms (kata), which are sets or routines of techniques that are performed alone or sometimes wit h a partner. The Western interest in East Asian Martial arts dates back to the late nineteenth century, due to the increase in trade between America with China and Japan.Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, and considering it to be mere performance. Exposure to martial arts during the Korean War was also significant and as Western influence grew in East Asia a large number of military machine force-out spent time in China, Japan, and Korea. In the late 1970s and 1980s there was an increase interest in martial arts thanks to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies. Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Li were prominent movie actors that are responsible for promoting Chinese martial arts. In Europe, with the rise of firearms, martial arts declined.As a result, martial arts with historical roots in Europe do not exist today, to the same extent as in Asia, since the traditional martial arts either died out or developed into sports. Swordsmanship developed into fencing. Box ing as well as forms of wrestling have endured. European martial arts have mostly adapted to changing technology so that while some traditional martial arts still exist, military personnel are trained in skills like bayonet combat and marksmanship. Some European weapon systems have also survived as for sports and as self-defense methods. 6 Comparing the teachings of martial arts in the US and AsiaIn conclusion when comparing Eastern religions and martial arts in the US and in Asia, how martial arts are taught and practiced differently I found that all martial arts are similar, they teach similar principles but in different ways. In order to learn martial arts you must have self- discipline. The martial virtues of discipline, humility, restraint and respect are attributed to the Zen philosophy. The teaching of martial arts in Asia has historically followed the cultural traditions of teacher-disciple apprenticeship however in the US the teachings are more along the lines of self-defen se and competition styles.

Topic-Morgan Stanley’s Return on System Noninvestment

1. Morgan Stanley underinvested in information technology because CEO of the firm, Philip Purcell believed that the markets comeback would happen behind and therefore he focused his business strategy on maximizing gain instead of generating revenue.2. The merger of the Morgan Stanley with the Dean Witter proved to be unfruitful because it created a digital, cultural and philosophical divide which was extremely difficult to overcome.3. The strategic objectives of information system are as following- The overwhelmed broker desktop workstations have been replaced by saucily systems which are better integrated with backened systems so that brokers have a better view of client portfolios. New systems have been uploaded so that brokers will have entre to all relevant client data at once, including transaction history, contact history and portfolio performance. The company also rolled out a new impose reporting application that automatically reconciles gains and losses and allows user to download information from its client website into popular tax programs. The quality of the website was upgraded i.e it was do more attractive and illuminating as per customer demand. The salaries and expense accounts of the brokers were increased. The intellect executives have been assigned the task of managing the firm.4.I would provide the following services- Free online form for investors. Credit cards will be issued. Financial transactions will be allowed using Automatic Teller Machines(ATMs). Standing orders and direct debits will be facilitated so that payments for bills can be made automatically. Online deal with the clients which will save a plenty of time.Yes, according to me the Morgan Stanleys plan for an integrated client information system are worthwhile because it generated an income of dollar 1.96 billion in June 2006.5. Other than new system, following amendments have to be made at Global Wealth Management Group to restore arrive at and revenue collection- Int roduction of senior executives in the main management of the company so that it will be knowledge as well as profit oriented. Frequent schemes should be laid down for the customers which seems to be beneficial to them. A tight management to strictly follow all the rules of the company. A customer affable environment should prevail.Referencestopic- banking servicesdated 19th june 2007

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and afters is a story that explores the experiences of Chinese and Nipponese Americans during World War II with both insight and compassion. The story begins in 1986 with heat content, an elderly Chinese-American man walking past the Panama hotel in Seattle, which has been boarded up since the war. Memorabilia deep down the basement of the hotel take hydrogen back to 1942 and his fifth grade true love, a beautiful Japanese girl named Keiko. total heat and Keiko are the only if Asiatics in their all white elementary school, to which they are scholarship surrenderg and do non feel a sense of belonging or acceptance within the prevailing culture.Because Henrys nationalistic become has a hatred for Japan, Henry keeps their friendship and his love a secret until all contact is lost when Keikos family is displace to an internment camp. Tension between Henrys fathers traditional Chinese values and Henrys American perspective is a key motion when fo rty historic period after meeting Keiko, Henry, now a widow sits in the basement of the condemned hotel, holding long lost items which take him back to his puerility memories, thoughts and feelings.Henry recalls his early days of macrocosm tormented by his peers, firearm wearing an I am Chinese button daily, as his father did not want anyone mistaken about Henrys nationality. He also recalls risks taken to befriend Keiko, and their combined love for Jazz music, as well as times spent before the inevit fit evacuation of her family and of a love lost. While reading Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, we learn that Henry shares his breeding story with his own son, in hopes of pr correctting the dysfunctional alliance that he had experient many years ago with his own father.This story teaches us to examine the point and think twice, so that we do not repeat injustices within our own families. Feelings Experienced from the Reading There were multiple emotions that were provok ed in reading Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet. Disheartenment and anger were feelings provoked when Henrys father enrolled his son into an all-white school. Henry was called derogatory names, pushed around and forced to do chores at school. Henrys father gave him a pin that said, I am Chinese and told Henry he needed to wear it constantly.Not only were kids at Henrys school making fun of him for wearing the pin but other Chinese kids would tease him on his way to school. Henrys father wanted Henry to be Americanized however, the pin labeling him Chinese and nutrition in a household where he was the only one who spoke face triggered a combination of anger and Disheartenmen. There was realization of what Henrys father was attempting to do but the anger was triggered from putting his son in a situation that he was bullied on a daily bases instead of sending him to a different school.When Keiko enrolled in the school Henry attended the readers felt simpleness since Henry was able to relate with Keiko and develop a friendship with her. Henry was no longer the only non-Caucasian student at the school. This allowed Henry to bond with some other student his age and relate to someone else that was dealing with similar situations. However, Henry and Keiko were assigned to serve in the cafeteria where it appeared that only kids who were in interrupt were sent. The readers were upset that even the teachers and school staff were singling Henry and Keiko out.One of the most heart wrenching scenarios was when the Japanese American families were forced to relocate to internment camps. Feelings of empathy and sadness for their displacement were verbalized by these readers for the families. The families had less than two days to gather only things they could carry and leave their homes. Henry promised Keiko he would keep her familys belongings they were not able to take with them that identified them as Japanese in a safe place in his house.Terror set into the rea ders when Henrys father found Keikos items and disowned Henry. As Henry struggled to find himself he connected more with Sheldon who played Jazz music in the streets. This gave the reader a sense of comfort that after losing Keiko and his father he was able to connect with someone who respected him and supported who Henry was. Mrs. Beatty who was the cafeteria cook asked Henry to help her in the internment camps to serve the concourse living there. This scenario brought hope to the reader that Mrs.Beatty understood and empathized with what Henry was feeling when Keiko was forced to leave. Each time Henry connected with Keiko at the internment camp it elicited joy that Henry did not allow the difference in him and Keiko to impact his feelings. It was disappointing to read Keiko never returned from the internment camp. Henrys decision to move on with Ethyl was shocking and somewhat disappointing. After being married and sharing a son, Ethyl passed away which was other gloomy experi ence in the book.It was a surprise when Henry chose to look for Keikos items that she left behind. Henrys reflection on his relationship with his son, Marty and the desire to improve it was heartwarming as was the relationship Henry developed with Samantha, Martys fiance. As the story came to an end and Henry was face to face again with Keiko it brought delight to the reader that after all these years and all the heart wrenching experience they were able to reconnect like they had never been apart.Reactive Behaviors from the ethnic Proficiency Continuum There are three points on the Cultural Proficiency Continuum that describe ethnic intolerance, which include cultural destructiveness, cultural incapacity, and cultural blindness (Corwin, 2010, p. 1). According to Cross, et. al. (1989), four barriers to cultural proficiency head for the hills an organization or individual to intolerance, including unawareness of the need to adapt, resistance to change, presumption of en callment, and systems of oppression (p. ). Ford (2009) provided many scenes that can illustrate both the three points on the continuum reflecting both the attitudes of cultural intolerance, as well as the four barriers to cultural proficiency in the novel, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet. According to Cross, et. al. (1989), unawareness of the need to adapt is seen when wad do not think an organization needs to accommodate diversity, but instead feel as though members of non-dominant separates need to adapt to the organization (p. 1). few illustrations Ford provided of an unawareness of the need to adapt took place in Rainier Elementary School and the linked States government (Ford, 2009). The elementary school forced Henry and Keiko, the only students of color, to spend their lunch time serving all of the white students and cleaning the kitchen, and allowed them to be bullied mercilessly by classmates (Ford, 2009). universal Proclamation One, written by the United States president and the secretary of war, was distributed and executed (p. 124).It demanded immediate evacuation of all persons of Japanese ancestry (p. 124). This proclamation illustrates that the United States government was apparently unaware that it is vituperate to throw away people based on their status as members of a non-dominant group. According to Cross, et. al. (1989), resistance to change is seen when organization members stick to methods that do not work for people (p. 1). Ford (2009) provided illustrations of resistance to change within the following organizations Rhodes surgical incision Store (pp. 12-4), and Henrys family (pp. 125-9). Primarily, in Fords novel, Keiko was overjoyed to buy a special record for Henry, but the Rhodes Department Store clerk did not want to sell it to her as she appeared to be of Japanese heritage (p. 113-4). The clerk eventually begrudgingly sold the record to Henry when he showed her his, I am Chinese button (p. 114). The clerk showed a resistance to change in that she did not want to do business with people who appeared to be of Asian descent.Secondly, Ford (2009) described Henrys exchange with his family once Public Proclamation One was posted, in which his father stated, better them than us (p. 125). Henrys mother went on to explain the trouble the family could encounter if they attempted to help Japanese American families, and explained Henrys fathers background of war between China and Japan (p. 126-7). Taken together, the comments of the parents do not deny that it is wrong to force members of the non-dominant group to evacuate their homes and be imprisoned, but rather resist the idea that anything should be done about it at the current time.Ford weaves illustrations of another barrier to cultural proficiency, systems of oppression and privilege, through with(predicate)out the novel. Examples of this include the way that Keiko and Henry are singled out to serve in the cafeteria, the way that Henry is bullied by his class mates, and that those of Japanese ancestry are forced to go to concentration camps. A thematic element that ties many of these scenes together is that of the I am Chinese button.Henrys disdain for the button because of it hurtful meaning with his father who sends him mixed messages that he must be both Americanized, yet declare his Chinese ancestry through the wearing of the button is contrasted by his use of the button at times to gain privilege, such as when he was allowed to purchase the album at the store, dapple Keiko was not. Despite this small gain in privilege from wearing the button, it also served to foster oppression by his classmate, Chaz, who bullied him for his non-membership in the dominant culture, even ripping the pin off Henry (location 339 of 4683).The button can further be used to illustrate a final barrier to cultural proficiency entitlement. While Henry clearly hated the button, there were also times when he used it or attempted to use it to his advantage and to the advantage of Keiko and her family, whom he cared about. For example, when the police raided the confidential information hall that he and Keiko were at and arrested several Japanese couples in attendance, he used it to protect him and Keiko because there was a level of entitlement to civil rights that was inherent to being Chinese rather than Japanese (location 896 of 4683).Another clear sense of entitlement at the government level was documented by the taking away and selling of place that was owned by Japanese people. (location 1372 of 4683). Proactive Behaviors from the Cultural Proficiency Continuum The following three points on the left side of the Cultural Proficiency Continuum are proactive expressions, shaped by principals culture is a predominant force, people are served in varying degrees by the dominant culture, and people have individual and group identities. According to Cross et al, (1989) culture is a predominant force.It is the essence of the societal exist ence and cannot be over looked. In the book, Hotel on The Corner of Bitter and Sweet (Ford, 2009) Henry relates to other Chinese notables like Bruce Lee and His own son Brandon because he is of Chinese decent. Incidentally, the place was lonely because people did not talk to their neighbors ascribable to some cultural differences. The life of Henry was lonely like a grave this displays a cultural aspect of burying the dead which is not commons in the Chinese culture. According to Cross et al, (1989) people are served in varying degrees by the dominant culture.Ford (2009) described Henrys exchange with his family once Public Proclamation One was posted, in which his father stated, better them than us (p. 125). His father had participated in the war between the Chinese and the Japanese. The Americans helped the Japanese American families and this made Henrys father feel inferior to others due to the treatment such families had. Even in schools, the treatment of people was predominan tly dictated by the dominant culture and teachers turned a blind eye to mischief.In a edict people have individual and group identities that define their ways and behavior (Cross et al, 1989). A good example from the book is described when Henry follows a news lot to the hotel that seems to stand between life-times just like him. The news crew members form group while the camera-shy onlookers walked away to form a clear path have individual identities (Ford, 2009). Henry himself forms his own individual identity as a man in a place full of strangers (Ford, 2009).Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford, evokes the feelings that are described in the title throughout the telling of the incredible story of one of the most conflicted and volatile times during American history (Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, Reading gathering Guides, 2013)The story is told from the point of view of a young Chinese boy and simultaneously from his observations and reflections year s later of the time period in which Henry witnessed and experienced the internment of Japanese Americans in his neighborhood and prejudices toward himself from being of Chinese heritage.The story elicits feelings of bitterness and sweetness Bitterness toward unfairness, injustice, discrimination and how the experience of fear can lead to irrational actions and the inhumane treatment of others, sweetness of innocence, understanding, kindness and sympathetic responses to those same conditions. The novel inherently addresses The Tools of Cultural Proficiency (Corwin, 2010) and demonstrates examples from the continuum of destruction, incapacity, blindness, precompetence, competence, and proficiency.The author covers these phases of cultural proficiency while the reader is at the same time experiencing the conflicting emotions of bitter and sweet, hope and disappointment, and witnessing acts of fear and courage. Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet has a lasting postage stamp on the reader. While telling the lifelong personal story of Henry it incorporates many lessons that would be difficult to forget.The reader gains knowledge of the historical account of the Japanese Americans internment during World War II, the personal effects of discrimination on individuals and the greater culture, and insight as to examples of how kindness, empathy and knowledge can be powerful forces for society to use in overcoming the result of fear, judgment and discrimination.The social work profession can gain a better understanding of generational trauma that has had a lasting result of the survivors and family members of Japanese Americans that lived this experience as well as cultural proficiency vs. the effects of prejudice and discrimination can be gained by reading this novel. The most important take away from this book would be incorporating the knowledge gained regarding cultural competency and utilizing it in the field of social work as well as in developing personal rela tionships with others.

Cognitive Behavioural and Psychodynamic Approaches Essay

Coping with the dying of a loved one ofttimes means that the bereaved must dumbfound a stark naked port of viewing themselves and the world around them without the presence or influence of the dead soul. In general, reactions to the injustice of a loved one ar considered intense in the initial period following the death, except on average, these feelings lessen over time (Parkes, 1975 Rando, 1993 Sanders, 1989, 1993, cited in Malkinson, 2001). Some bereaved individuals send away successfully cope with this transitional phase and are capable of returning to an adaptive level of functioning within the time frames expected (Marwit & Matthews, 2004) without experiencing severe impairments.However, some grievers whoremonger experience severe affects to their physical and psychological well-being (Gallagher-Thompson et al., 1993 Ott, 2003 Stroebe & Stroebe, 1987, cited in Marwit, et al, 2004) cases in which the bereaved is demonstrating prolonged irrational beliefs and/or behavio urs about the mischief wad be an indication of an ruttish disturbance (e.g. complicated sorrowfulness). Complicated ruefulness (CG) can be defined as the intensification of ruefulness that does not lead to assimilation of the loss but instead to repetitive stereotypic behavior as well as impaired functioning (Malkinson & Witztum, in press, cited in Malkinson, 2001, p. 672).The dis race of this paper bequeath compare and contrast psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theories with examples of models utilised to facilitate grief become in situations of complicated grief as well as a brief exposition of what is considered grief resolution. Let us begin with a brief explanation of the core principles of each approach.Psychodynamic counseling is concerned with the role of the unconscious, childhood experiences and how they can lastly effect our noetic workes which in turn manifest in our actions. According to this approach in order to deal with conflicts certain defensive ac tions or mechanisms instinctively come to our rescue whenever we feel vulnerable or as if our view of reality is being challenged. For example in bereavement cases, knobs will often use denial as a defense mechanism and coping strategy in order to avoid the intense pain that comes with acceptance of loss. However useful this may be for short-term relief, in the long run, the leaf node runs the risk of developing symptoms of complicated grief (Hough, 2010).Contrariwise, cognitive-behavioral approaches spot almost no emphasis on the past and childhood events, unless it directly relates to difficulties of the present day, in such cases it ack nowadaysledges but does not focus on this factor. Rather it concentrates on present day persuasion/behavioral patterns exhibited by the client, ways to recondition the clients cognitive processes and how to eliminate unwanted or destructive cognitions and behavior. Additionally, (and specific to aspects of behavior) this approach adheres to em pirically unplumbed principles and procedures that have been tested for their effectiveness and reliability (Hough, 2010), whereas the psychodynamic approach is theory based. The rationale behind CBT being, since negative patterns of thinking and behaving are learned they can be unlearned. We now examine established beliefs about grief and grief resolution.Grief has traditionally been seen as a healthy process aimed at decathexis, abandoning or letting go of commitment to ones relationship to the deceased (Freud, 1917/1957, cited in Malkinson, 2001) as well as the ability to form new relationships (Malkinson, 2001). During most of the 20th century, leadership in bereavement research followed Freuds (1917/1957, cited in Marwit, et al., 2004) theoretical model of decathecating grief in which he believed that the bereaved invested a great deal of mental energy into maintaining the attachment to the deceased and in order to reach a resolution of grief it was vital to release this atta chment, i.e. to exhaust the energy. To facilitate the process of grief work, the survivor must confront the feelings of loss and allow himself to express the emotions associated with the loss by revisiting the events leading up to and during the death. However, the notion held by Freud (accepting the loss is a shorten of grief resolution) is not supported by empirical evidence (Artlet & Thyer, 1998, cited in Malkinson, 2001).Cognitive-behavioral models have expanded to include treatment of loss and grief, specifically complicated grief (Fleming & Robinson, 1991, 2001 Florsheim & Gallagher-Thompson, 1990 Malkinson & Ellis, 2000 Neimeyer, Prigerson, & Davies, 2002 Reynolds,1996,1999 Stubenbort, Donnelly, & Cohen, 2001, cited in Marwit & Marwit, 2004). Researchers maintain that more consideration must be given to other processes of grieving which allows for a continued connection between the survivor and the deceased as opposed to decathecting.Additionally, modern day research critici zes the need for finality and closure as a sign of resolution, and instead views the bereavement process as an on going modification of preexisting cognitions and emotional reactions to the new reality (Malkinson, 2001). As opposed to severing ties to the deceased, the maintenance of bonds is now being proposed (Malkinson & Bar-Tur, 1999 Rubin & Malkinson, 2001 Silverman, Klass, & Nickman, 1996, cited in Malkinson, 2001). Klass (1999, cited in Marwit, et al., 2004) reasoned that resolution is achieved by integration of the deceased into the ongoing life of the griever (p.852). Research involving grieving parents spread abroads a common element of prolonged friendship and connection with the deceased. As a result of this theory Stroebe and Schut (1999, cited in Marwit, et al., 2004) put forward the Dual-Process Model (DPM), which allows the bereaved to confront painful feelings and cognitions involved in mourning, but to avoid them as well. They maintain that clinicians and researc hers must understand the cognitive processes experienced by the griever, and also, the regulation of these cognitions during the bereavement process (ibid.).According to this model, there are dickens types of stressors loss-orientation and restoration-orientation. Loss-oriented coping focuses on dealing with the actual loss itself and cognitions such as He was too young to die. Also, addressing the aching desire for the person, for example allowing the emotional expressions to flow, i.e. crying over pictures of the deceased as well as recalling happy moments shared. Alternatively, restoration-oriented coping deals with the task of successfully continuing life and developing a new identity without the deceased and at times, even having to take on those duties and responsibilities, which were previously held by the deceased.Some examples of these potential challenges may include, identity shifts such as homemaker to employee or daughter to orphan and new responsibilities such as ent ering into the work force for the first time and learning to manage finances. In this way the bereaved goes through a process of learning and coping with new cognitions and realities, such as I am the breadwinner now. (Marwit, et al., 2004). The bereaved must learn to process such new cognitions as a part of moving forward. The DPM is concerned with the interaction of a myriad of cognitive process. According to Bower, et al (1998, cited in Marwit, et al, 2004) in this instance cognitive refers to the process of actively thinking about a stressor, the thoughts and feeling it evokes, and its implications for ones life and future. Cognitive processes taking place among the bereaved can therefore be described as split between implicit and explicit processes (Marwit, et al, 2004).There is evidence to suggest that painting therapy can do more harm than good, also that complete avoidance is not always successful in grief resolution, Stroebe & Schut (2001, cited in Marwit, et al, 2004) use an approach referred to as oscillation which allows the griever the balance of both confrontation and avoidance in both loss- and reorientation-coping. This is similar to psychodynamic approaches in which the client has control in directing the course of the therapy (we shall see below). Oscillation gives the client a break from dealing with intense painful emotions for a long period of time.To begin the process of grief work in a psychodynamic setting involves establishing an explicit therapeutic agreement between the therapist and the client whereby the client makes the decision to focus on the loss when he is ready (Lamb, 1988). Once the agreement is made, the therapist explains what the client can expect during future sessions and continues to reassure the client that the pace of the therapy, area of exploration and subject enumerate discussed will be entirely at his discretion (Lamb, 1988). This gives the client a sense of control during a crisis where he may feel helpless. T he therapist can now guide the bereaved through the process of actually acknowledging the loss, reawakening reminiscences, adjusting to their existence in the world without the lost one and to experience all of the pain and emotions associated with this actuality (Worden, 1982, cited in Lamb, 1988).This is achieved through interventions such as, instructing the client to bring memorabilia to sessions like pictures, belongings of the deceased and other linking objects (Volkan, 1972, cited in Lamb, 1988) also the application of such techniques as role-reversal, the empty leave and keeping a dream diary (Lamb, 1988). Another way to elicit emotional response is by encouraging the survivor to talk about confident(p) as well as negative features of the relationship with the deceased (Lamb, 1988). It is also important to allow the client the opportunity to tell their story as often as they wish as this not only assists the griever to confront painful feelings associated with the loss, bu t it also affords the therapist the opportunity to point out inherent issues which may be the source of the pain.Hough (2010) describes a case study in which a young woman, Linda, sought grief therapy after suffering with depression stemming from the death of her grandmother two years prior. During one session Linda mentioned having to move in with her grandparents after her parents divorced and steered avoidance and discomfort at the mention of this point (i.e. left over(p) that particular session early, arrived late for next session). Through listening, observing, interpreting, linking, giving reflective response and looking at defences and resistance (Hough, 2010) the therapist was able to address and black market attention to an underlying issue, which was the actual source of the depression one that Linda had never been able to identify on her own. Wogrin (2008) explains her approach to this process as listening for what she calls the clients quieter voice, the one that even the client himself is unaware of.Another form of psychodynamic intervention is group therapy, during which grievers are encouraged to try and understand how unresolved conflicts infra the surface may be hindering their abilities to cope with loss (Kipnes, et al, 2002 MacNair-Semands, 2004 Piper et al, 2001, cited in Para, 2009). Let us consider two operational forms of group therapies interpretative and corroboratory groups.Interpretive group therapy provides a forum for individuals suffering from complicated grief, to gain insight into trauma and recurring internal struggles that impede the grievers ability to mourn in a normal way (Piper, et al, 2001, cited in Para, 2009). This form of therapy also aims to assist the clients understanding and acceptance feelings of ambivalence toward loved ones lost (Para, 2009). The counsellor refrains from praise with the purpose of promoting tolerance of stress and uneasiness (Para, 2009).The most important objective of supportive group the rapy, however, is to enhance acclimation of the bereaved to their current situation of loss and grief (Piper, et al, 2001, cited in Para, 2009). The counsellor promotes a pleasurable environment for grievers to express shared experiences and emotions common among the bereaved (Para, 2009). During supportive group therapy the counsellor is non-interpretive and less probing as opposed to interpretive therapy(ibid).So far, we have discussed the two approaches separately, but there are occasions where integration of the two may be necessary and beneficial to the client. For instance, in situations where the survivor suffers from nightmares relating to the death, it may be practical in integrate behavioural exposure techniques as well as symbolism and imagery. Reynolds (1996) asserts Drawing as well as verbal representation could also be regarded as an effective form of exposure therapy, helping the client to stay with the anxiety-provoking death-related images (p.1)To conclude Accordin g to the cognitive perspective, suffering a loss through death is a very difficult outside occurrence that completely changes ones belief system and consequently all related sentiments and actions. Internal feelings and beliefs are challenged in CBT as the therapist attempts to show the client other ways of thinking about and adjusting to their loss, this is not unlike the psychodynamic approach. However, in psychodynamic models, internal belief systems are challenged with regards to unconscious conflict resolutions. CBT seeks to inform the client of what can happen as a result of grief due to a loss, to identify different reactions which may be normal responses to loss and to reveal new or better coping skills.Again, this is similar to psychodynamic therapies in as much as the therapist explains emotions which may arise during therapy sessions. Additionally, exposure techniques are utilize by both theories as a way to encourage the client to face the death head-on. This can be ac hieved by using emotional cues of the loss i.e. sorting through the personal belongings, talking to them in an empty chair this allows the client to experience a sense of connection to the deceased. The aims of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural approaches to grief are similar and may at times be integrated in order to provide the best possible intervention for the bereaved. (2242 Words)ReferencesPara, E. A. (2009) Group management for Complicated Grief A Literature Review. Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1(2). Article 10100-112.Malkinson, R. (2001) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy of Grief A Review and Application. Research on Social go Practice, 11, 671-698.Lamb, D. H. (1988) Loss and Grief Psychotherapy Strategies and Interventions. Psychotherapy, 25(4), 561-569.Marwit, L. T. & Marwit, S. J. (2004) Complicated Grief and the Trend Toward Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy. Death Studies, 28, 849-863Neimeyer, R. A. & Wogrin, C. (2008) Psychotherapy for Complicated Bereave ment A Meaning-Oriented Approach. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 16(1) 1-20.Reynolds, F. (1996) Laying Mother to Rest working with Grief-Related Nightmares Through Exposure Therapy and Imagery. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 9(3) 1-7Hough, M. (2010) Counselling Skills and Theory 3rd Ed, UK Hodder Education

Impact of a Deaf Child on Families

Impact of a Deaf Child on Families A bird calls and the phone rings. Yet the little female child makes no move to listen to one or to answer the different. A babys cry goes ignored and the tea kettle on the kitchen stove continues to whistle. Most, but not all cases of babyhood desensitizeness and earshot-impairment are diagnosed between the get ons of 18 months and 3-years-old (Mapp 50). Some terms called the ultraviolet handicap, hearing loss explains why sign language is the third most used language in the United States (Jones 54).While recognition of sight problems or physical impairments may be triggered by spotting nerve glasses or a wheelchair, deafness must be discovered through acts of direct communication. The girl walks d receive the hall and does not accognition her friend calling her name. The term disabled has been much debated in recent years. It is both a classification of a functional limitation and a branding emboss that scars a certain type of person. More than 90 percent of deaf nipperren are born into hearing families.Before the 1970s, the seismic disturbance this group of unique kidskinren had on their families and how the family structure ad in effect(p)ed was little studied (Mapp 7). Though training a deaf child is challenging at times for nourishs and influential on how siblings are treated, it rotter also be a rewarding experience and an adhesive to hold together a family. When a child is diagnosed with deafness, it is the flag marking the beginning of a series of potentially draining e bares for his or her boots.Though legion(predicate) parents say that elevation a deaf child differs in subtle yet slight slipway from the already challenging aspects of raising any child, they also agree that their childs disability tends to puff up emotions, especially in the early stages of diagnoses. at that place are discoverings of disbelief, confusion, and disappointment that lead to crossness while immorality mingles with a sense of mourning. Through all of these overwhelming responses, parents learn to deal with the seclusion, to recognize the drawbacks of their situation, and to effectively drive strategies for their families.Though it is too generalizing to say that all parents react the same way to their childs hearing loss, some parents do react in similar manners. It is the hearing parents that are affected the most by the reaching of the news of hearing loss in their child. Deaf parents, on the other hand generally knocker the handicap of their child because they realize they see the resources and language knowledge to help the child. In studies done examine deaf hildren from hearing parents with those from deaf parents, the children from deaf parents significantly outscored their counter develops in areas much(prenominal) as vocabulary, reading, social skills, and mathematics. An news report for this may be that the children of hearing parents experience something called languag e deprivation by which they are stripped of the knowledge commonly passed down through the direct exposure to a language natural to their parents (Mapp 190). For this reason, the stresses of raising a deaf child fall heavier on hearing parents.Many hearing parents opinion this diagnosis shatters the illusion that their child is and will be perfect. This loss of innocence is a sentiment that many parents mourn. Many parents of deaf children have had little or no contact with the deaf community and are forced to comprehend a subject entirely foreign to them. Shock is a common response and works well as a defense mechanism that enables parents to begin the stages of mourning the illusionary loss of their normal child (Luterman 6). This concussion gradually fades to disbelief as parents grasp at the permanent and incurable meanings of the word deaf. Many quest how such a thing could happen in their family and occasionally the hearing problem is kept a secret. Though she was diagnosed in kindergarten, the girl begged her parents to keep her secret for years, senselessly believing that if no one knew c draw back it then the problem did not exist despite the molds she wore in her ears. On top of denial, many families feel overwhelmed and that they have been given too much in take a leakation in too short of a time period and may feel either ill-equipped to face the challenges of the diagnosis.With this fear often times comes anger and most parents of hearing impaired children feel a fundamental anger without an outlet through which to vent. There is anger at themselves, at the world, and even at the deaf child themselves. Sometimes this anger turns itself inward and manifests itself as depression other times it is capable of either strengthening or creating rifts within family systems and relationships. possibly one of the most prominent emotions felt by parents of deaf children is guilt.The future they had envisioned for their child has been violate in ways th ey never expected. Many parents would agree that having a hurting child and being lost to assist them is one of the most distressing feelings they will ever experience (Luterman 9). Although having a deaf child can be rewarding in many ways it is very ruffianly to see this in the beginning and the diagnosis affects parents in some very unique ways. Since the 1970s, studies have been done directly assessing the impact a deaf child has on families, especially on parents.It became clear from these studies that mothers and fathers deal with the stresses of their ill child in very different ways. Since mothers are typically invested in the daily stresses of raising a deaf child, studies have shown that they are more likely to be very involved in health and sanctuary issues. Fathers on the other hand are typically found to engage in more contrasted roles of parenting due to occupational time consumption and are more successful at developing relationships with their child that does not revolve around the childs disability (Luterman et al. 34-35).Studies have also shown that the time avocation a childs diagnosis can be particularly trying on husbands as they are trying to reassure their wives that everything will be fine while privately attempting to deal with their own deep and emotional grief (Luterman et al. 7). The separate roles each parent takes on complement each other by providing unique skills for their child. One of the most emotional taxing yet gratifying parts of raising a deaf child is that the mother is typically the one member of the family most capable of communicating with the deaf child.She becomes not only a mother, but an educator, social guidance counselor, communication specialist, interpreter, and audiologist consultant (Mapp 15). The girls mother went to the school district when the girl entered high school hoping sign language classes were easy as a precaution in case her half deaf child continued to lose her hearing. They refused to eve n consider letting sign language qualify for her foreign language requirement. Another hap theme in the challenges faced by parents is the abundance of ignorance in the faculty of school systems themselves.One frustrated parent wrote said almost mainstreaming her deaf child into a hearing school, the teacher sometimes forgetsher limits and limitationsand does something incredibly dumb, such as the time in fifth grade when the teacher gave my daughter an oral spelling discharge of single words (Luterman 175). Though most studies have focused extensively on the impact of a deaf child on parents, it is equally important to understand how it affects siblings. Family dynamics as well as parental reactions shape whether the hearing problem will strengthen the family structure or create small situations.The definition of a family is a system of which all parts are inextricably interconnected (Luterman et al. 41). The sibling of a deaf child is typically forced to grow up faster than ot her children their age and assume greater responsibilities. One of the grea psychometric test favors a parent can do for the sibling of a deaf child is to realize that an entire family unit cannot be healthy when revolving around the limitations of one of its members. In 70% of the cases of deaf children, there is one or more sibling involved in the familys makeup (Mapp 65).These children can start from having a disabled sibling because their parents may feel both physically and emotionally exhausted after caring for the child that seems to need more attention. The sibling may feel neglected and guilty that they somehow evaded deafness themselves while their brother or infant is suffering. There may be feelings of shame and embarrassment when an adolescent child draws attention by signing with their sibling in public. Older children may feel a deep rooted anxiety that their own children will suffer from hearing loss.As with the relationships between parents, it is important that s iblings be given a venue of open communication to vent their anxieties and frustrations. Clear communication is the key to a successful family structure. It has been found that some siblings may react with attention-seeking strategies like poor academic performance, illnesses, and recurrent tantrums. Other children may internalize their issues and end up with innate rage issues when they are older (Luterman 143).While having a deaf sibling undoubtedly has drawbacks many siblings reported positive attributes as well. The recurring theme was that compassionate individuals with greater sensitivities to prejudices came from families with disabled children. These siblings also attributed the bond their family shared to their ability to form a cohesive unit during times of crisis (Luterman et al. 50). In order to thrive, it is vital that the family copes properly with the stressors associated with a deaf child.One of the most damaging, yet well intentioned acts a parent of a deaf child c an ship is overprotection. Parents of handicapped children regularly underestimate their childs abilities, thus not allowing the child to make mistakes and learn. overprotection leads to feelings of incapability and will hinder the child later in life. It must be acknowledged and accredited that even with interpreters, communication in a mainstream school will only be at about 75 percent for a deaf child (Jones 53). Instead of shielding a child from this rampart of communication, a parent must learn to mbrace it as a time of growth and a test of patience. Many parents see having a deaf child as a gift, as an opportunity to blame into strengths they never before realized they had. Though mothers of deaf children are likely to name healthcare providers as sources of support whereas hearing mothers named friends, it seems as though the levels of happiness of both women are consistent (Mapp 118). A parents attitude toward having a deaf child molds not only interfamily relationships , but the success of the child themselves.The original confusion of their childs diagnosis can morph into knowledge the anger becomes a steady energy and focused drive, while the guilt turns into a lifelong commitment. The most important part of having a deaf child is that it forces ever member of a family to reevaluate life and realize just how precious of a gift it is. A disability only becomes a handicap when an individual allows it to skew their perception and hinder their accomplishments in life (Duckworth et al. 2). The girl smiled at her parents as she boarded the plane for college.It was through the hard work of her parents that she had made it so far. Never had they allowed her to see herself as tainted. They dealt with their issues quietly and ensured that the girls sister was never left behind. Through a sense of humor, teacher meetings, hard work, and patience they had shown her that her limitations led to long accomplishments. The diagnosis was a hearing impairment and the girl is me. Works Cited Duckworth, Derek and Mark Philp. Children with Disabilites and their Families. New Jersey humanistic discipline Press Company, Ltd. 1982. Print. Jones, Reginald L. , ed. Reflections on Growing up Disabled. Virginia The Council for Exceptional Children, 1983. Print. Luterman, David M. and Mark Ross. When your Child is Deaf A leave for Parents. Michigan York Press, Inc. , 1991. Print. . Counseling Parents of Hearing- stricken Children. Boston Little, Brown, and Company, Inc. , 1979. Print. Mapp, Idalia, ed. Essential Readings on Stress and Coping among Parents of Deaf and Hearing- Impaired Children. Nebraska University of Nebraska Press, 2004. Print.

Beneath †Original writing Essay

Psychoanalysis begins. Monday morning, it was a whacking rush. I had to pack the kids lunches and watch after them as they unexpended for school. It was Kellys first day at junior school, and Michelles at second-string school. I dont k instanter why, but as I shut the front door I had flash backs of my first day at secondary school. I got worried. Michelle is a lot handle me when I was her age. To my children, I am a normal slight mother, ordinary like everyone elses mother. That is how they see me. They know nothing about my past It was an excruciatingly springy and sunny day July 30th 1993.I dreaded the moment the sunrise began. I felt a huge lump at the back of my throat, my head was pounding, and droplets of cold sweat trickled down my forehead. I apply to be a normal, quiet, and well behaved person but, all that changed when I met Camryn Barnes. after the first three times, I promised myself I would never do it again. Yet here I was with the hammer in my go on smashing the new lock on the school gate. It fell to the ground making a loud abrupt noise, which made me jump even though it was expected. I ran towards the school building, but the school doors were all locked up.After approximately an hour of struggling through one of the technology department windows, I managed to squeeze in. I ran to Dr Daniels office, pushing the door open. There, looking up at me with his beady black eyes was Cuddles Dr Daniels hamster. I had my equipment falsify and then I opened the cage door picking up the microscopical rodent with my trembling hands. I whispered to him in the darkness, Dont worry, itll only take a second. I reached into the back of my threadbare jeans pockets and pulled out the razor sharp penknife. Tears poured down my organization. One, Two, Three. I did it.My hand was drenched in fresh, warm blood. I dropped Cuddles on the floor and retreated back to the technology department. I can still remember the cold beady eyed stare Cuddles had g iven me as I pulled the pocket knife out of him. I recollect a similar expression from the past victims. I got back to Camryn a lot quicker this time. Camryn was pacing outside and when she saw me she signalled to me to hurry up. I fractional jogged and half ran. When I reached her, she caught hold of my wrist and pulled me along with her. I glanced at her beautiful tanned face and saw the contented smile displayed along her lips.I could almost hear her heartbeat, and taste her idea of saintlike sitisfaction. When we reached her house, she dragged me to her bedroom then leapt onto her red crumpled bed and kicked off her scuffed trainers. Did you do it? Did you top the pint surface rat? she asked with enthusiasm. There was a malicious gleam in her green eyes. I nodded staring at my sweaty bloodstained hands. There was a huge lump in the back of my throat, my stomach churned. I couldnt take it any more, You said wed never do it again Wasnt killing Jackies budgie, Peters cat and El lies turtle enough? Why Dr Daniels hamster? Why? Camryn stood up with a frown creasing up near her finely plucked eyebrows. Whats wrong with you? Dr Daniels failed me in face I worked so hard for him He got what he deserved A sudden anger ablaze(p) through my body, Like the others got what they deserved? Looking at Camryn, and seeing her satisfied realization from her manipulation, I had to leave. I walked home, showered and then lay in bed. I remember glancing at my digital clock it read 616am. I tried so hard, but failed to fall asleep. It was only a few hours, but seemed like days passing by. Eventually my mother came into my room to see why I was not ready for school.I dont feel well, I murmured. Mother carelessly shook her head and left me alone. A month ago I used to be really close to my mother, but now I just seem to want to push her away and out of my life. It was almost as if I surrendered everything I loved for Camryn. My mother, my old friends and, my self respect. E ventually I fell asleep. Beneath my closed eyes, my thoughts swivelled in front of my eyes. All I saw was beautiful, cold water, ripples glistening. That was where I wanted to be. I woke up and changed into my best-loved clothes. I knew what I was doing. I felt dizzy but ignored the queasy feeling.I sat on the floor and scribbled a note for my mother. I used to write little poems to my mother ages ago. I knew that was what I had to do now. I still remember what I wrote in the poem, word for word. June year 1993, on the 25th day, The day I changed, stopped to pray, I made promises, made to break, But itll be over, whilst I lie in this lake, I feel like Im, spiralling into a deep dark hole, hopefully this depth, can contain my soul, What Im trying to say, dear mother, Im Sorry, For pretending to be so upbeat and jolly, Sorry mum, I didnt mean to, Ill be thinking of you through and through.

Nature of Accounting and the Accounting Standard

Nature of report and the Accounting Standard Background Accounting is an important part for business and it is dubbed language of business activities conducted by firms. deal think it is utilise to pass on business dealings per se to solely stakeholders. However, slightly people turn over that the functions of bill are not that easy. Except the communication tool, write up acts as many new(prenominal) remainder roles in business. When doing accounting, different standard may be used. There are many issues nigh accounting standard nowadays.To getting a subjective view of accounting, it is necessary to understand how accounting is worked. This es posit volition analyze the application of accounting in the various situations to reach a conclusion. It impart give some perspective for accounting also. Firm as an accounting object As we know, accounting was widely used in the firm. In accounting, firm means some business entity aiming at earning scotch profit. In planetar y, at that place are three types of firms proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Firms are classified by the types of ownership, limitation of liability and so on.According to Scott Besley (2007), a proprietorship and partnership is an unincorporated business. Proprietorship firm owned by one individual trance partnership owned by two or more people. A corporation is a heavy entity by a state. The owners and managers may not be the same person. Corporation brace eternal life and enjoin limited liability. Owners take on no responsibility for liabilities of the corporation. However, for proprietorship and partnership, owners must compensateback all liability of creditor. Although there are various classifications for firm, its object is quite same.The general object of a mercantile system firm is earning profit. However, firms cannot just focus on the financial income. There are many other aspects must consider. The firm which is just care about financial achievement wi ll suffer form value orientation dilemma. Dobson (1997) defined the behavior that firm just consider about self-interest individualistic and timeserving as finance paradigm. He criticized that it would cause another lost for people. To be an ethic firm, it should acquire object carefully to maximize the benefit for all relevant people.Rather than running business individually, people do commerce via firm. Firms exist because it can provide a more efficiency operation environment for people. However, even off if firms can offer a better way for people doing business, we shouldnt ignore the troubles arising from it. Accounting and work Transaction plays a special role in firms daily operation. In general meaning, traffic is exchange of goods or services between entities, as well as other events that have an economic impact on a business.It is a businesss economic record by accounting (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2011). It should be clarify that not all events generated in busines s process can be record. Accounting must considers about what transaction should record and how it is record. There are two major assumptions about whether transaction should be record. The first one is monetary unit assumption. In accounting, we just record the transaction data which can be express in money term (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2011). Another assumption is economic entity assumption.Accountant must just account the transaction relevant to certain firm. The active of its owner or other economic entity should not be record in the firms account (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2011). In addition, much(prenominal) action must expunge the destiny of accounting equation dually. That means it should affect assts, liability or equity. Measurement method in accounting As it mentioned before, the major object of account is identify, record and communicate the transaction. In real life, the environment for accounting is changing continuously.So, accountant should know how to record and measure transaction properly. To facing price changing, there are two major approaches to record and measure transaction historical represent principle and fair value principle. When using historical equal principle, companies record assets as its cost (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2011). That means if the value of goods in such transaction is changing, it will keep the original record of such goods. However, we should update the record of assets value according to the market price in fair value principle.When managers determine which standard should be used, there are various factors need to be consider. Inflation is necessary for mensuration method decision. Alhashim & Arpan (1992) claimed that when price is stable, the historical cost principle could provide an butt view for companys performance. Managers may prefer this method to measure transaction. However, study also take the stand that when it is high inflation, using historical cost principle will provide some us eless information. If the price is changing frequently, the historical cost principle will not suitable.For example, in British, because it was suffer from high inflation rate in the history, the accounting standard in this country select fair-value principle. (Alhashim & Arpan, 1992) Cost measurement is an important part in accounting. Since the component of cost for business is complex, it will select material cost for example. There are two leafy vegetable principles for material cost evaluation. One is average value method, another is FIFO method. Companys objective should be considered when choosing those approaches of cost measurement.When using average cost method, companys income statement will show lower income so that company will enjoin lower tax. However, when firm choosing FIFO method, they will pay higher tax because of the high income present by income statement. When company wants to reduce tax cost, they may direct average cost method. Otherwise, they will choose FIFO method to attract investment by demo well performance. Except form pervious example discussed, there are many other factors could affect the measurement method.For example, David Solomons (1970) think that feasibility like objective, low cost of implementation and ease of understanding for users will affect the judgment for measurement method. In different condition, managers will choose different principle. So, it is difficult to say which principle is better. Conclusion By analyze relevant item of accounting, the perspective of accounting is more clear now. Transaction is a vital component of accounting and there are various principles about it. However, accounting is related to other aspects also. Merely defined accounting as analyzing transaction per se is not infatuated but not objectively.Communication is also a vital part of account. It is properly to descript accounting as a language of business. As mention before, there are many communicating methods and standards f or accounting. Different regions may have different accounting language (Alhashim & Arpan, 1992). It is a challenge for current international company. To solve this problem, it is necessary to material body and spread a unified standard for international accounting right now. Reference Alhashim, D. D. , & Arpan, J. S. (1992). International dimensions of accounting. capital of Massachusetts PWS-KENT publishing company.Dobson, J. (1997). Finance ethics the rationality of virtue. Cummor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England Lanham u. a. Rowman & Littlefield. Scott Besley, E. F. (2007). Essentials of Managerial Finance. Natorp Boulevasr, Mason OH South Westren College. Solomons, D. (1970). Assets valuation and income determination valuate the alternative. In R. R. Sterling, Assets valuation and income determination (p. 105). 4431 Mt. Vernon, Houston, Texas Scholar Book Co. Weygandt, J. J. , Kimmel, P. D. , & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial Accounting. USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc.