The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1122 Words

The Fresh Prince of West Egg Yo Halla The American dream is a desire to grow one’s domain over more materialistic areas through hard work. In the book, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, this common strivation during the 1920’s dramatizes becomes salient role.Two of the book’s main characters, Nick and Gatsby, have opposite goals to satisfy themselves. Fitzgerald utilizes the motif of the American dream to express the theme concerning the hollowness of this idea by using Gatsby to symbolize it and using Nick to express Fitzgerald s own views on the subject. Gatsby’s lifestyle to some seems to be utterly and definitely perfect and well rounded. People who have a feint knowledge of who this man is say that he is powerful, wealthy,†¦show more content†¦He describes his house in the novel as, â€Å"My own house was an eye-sore,but it was a small eye-sore and it had been overlooked, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbor’s lawn and the consoling proximity of millionaires - all for eighty dollars a month† (9). The way that Nick so delicately lays out his home for the reader makes it sound like he is fine with his establishment, but not with his big-headed neighbors. Nick directly reflects how Fitzgerald feels about rich snobs. Nick even overhears some party guests gossip begins about him: â€Å"One time he killed a man who had found out that he was the nephew to Von Hindenburg and second cousin to the devil† (65). The amount of people that Gatsby doesn’t know that are in his house partying makes it sound ridiculous to the reader. Fitzgerald sets the scene withdrawing the idea that people infected by this endless dream base their status upon wealth and property before even making a full deduction of character unbiased of rumors. Tons of people show up to these ‘classy’ parties and this allows Gatsby to flex his wealth by amusing them. Nick is not impressed: There was music from my neighbor s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his

The Importance Of Social Harmony In The Pursuit Of Freedom

John Greavu Professor Joan Tronto POL 1201 19 December 2013 Marx and Gandhi: The Importance of Social Harmony in the Pursuit of Freedom In response to prompt #7: Pick two thinkers from among Marx, Fanon, and Gandhi, and write an essay in which you answer this question: what is the best way to achieve human freedom? You should consider: a) How do individual freedoms relate to collective freedoms? b) How do individual and collective practices of self-discipline and education create or impede human freedom? Although a generational, geographical, and cultural gap exists between them, Karl Marx and Mohandas Gandhi seem to agree that the best path to freedom is one where communal unity is the prime focus. For Marx, the existence of classes†¦show more content†¦Finally, in addition to eliminating classes, personal property, and transferring the ownership of production means to the people, Marx thinks a free public education system would further the development of individual freedom. Marx calls for: â€Å"Free public education for all children. Elimination of factory work for children in its present form. Associating education with material production, etc. etc.† (Marx 20). An educational system as such would help to â€Å"level the playing field†, as those families who were previously in no position to afford schooling for their children, can now do so. More knowledge of the world can only broaden one’s freedom, never limit it. To Gandhi, there was only one rou te to real freedom, or swaraj: the powerful force of truth, love, and nonviolence—satyagraha. In India’s grasp for independence from the British Empire, â€Å"Mahatma† Gandhi writes, â€Å"Truth is soul or spirit. It is, therefore, known as soul-force. It excludes the use of violence because man is not capable of knowing the absolute truth and, therefore, not competent to punish† (Gandhi 50, 51). If one wishes to achieve swaraj, one must gain the sympathy of the oppressors and â€Å"win [them] over with love† (Gandhi 47). A true satyagrahi (or freedom pursuer), Gandhi writes, requires extraordinary self-discipline, analogous to that required of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois society: . . . [A] satyagrahi needs many more virtues like self-control,Show MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence : The United States1552 Words   |  7 Pages The Document that Lead to Freedom America is known by people all over the world as a country that firmly believes that everyone has the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This however was not always the case for the United States. It was once ruled by King George III, and the American people were under the control of the British Parliament. 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The fashion industry should not feel obligated Free Essays

The fashion industry should not feel obligated to use plus sized models in their campaigns. Do you agree? BY sashays The fashion industry should not feel obligated to use plus sized models in their Women these days are constantly bombarded with advertisements and campaigns telling them what they should wear, what they should eat and how they should portray themselves. It has become a race to try and achieve a size zero look because women feel as if it has become the new norm. We will write a custom essay sample on The fashion industry should not feel obligated or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why, I believe the fashion industry should be obliged to use plus size model. A plus size model is a model who is a US size 8 or above. Even though these models are described in the â€Å"plus† category, making them appear to be an outcast, what is ironic is that the majority of women will fit into this category. Therefore, I agree that fashion industry should be obligated to use plus size models. There are three reasons why: firstly, to stop increasing the social pressure on first world women to have the ideal body image; secondly; prevent psychological effect on women in trying to maintain an ideal body image; thirdly, the potential increase in business. To begin with, the expectation for women to mirror the body image of a model has come omnipresent. You find them in fashion magazines, TV shows, fitness programs and even Barbie Dolls. Women, especially teenagers look at these icons as role models and have been manipulated by society into thinking they must look a certain way and weight a certain amount to fit in. It is the fashion industries to blame for this, because by using impossibly thin models in almost every campaign it is putting pressure on women to look perfect. However, women cannot attain these perfect bodies because not only have the images been altered but are unnatural and simply unachievable. Due to this, women now days are lacking confidence as they feel self-conscious about their body. In a recent survey done by the National Institute on Media and the Family in Washington, it was found that 40% of girls from ages 9-10 are dissatisfied with their weight. This suggests that the distressing and impairing body image concern seems to be becoming more prevalent at a younger and younger age. Furthermore, according to CDC, 20% of the teenage girls’ suicide cases in USA are due to bullying about someone’s weight. This clearly highlights the negative effect y Just using skinny models is having. The society has become superficial as it measures beauty in size. It is crucial that fashion industries are forced to use plus size model in order to change society’s view of beauty. It is not right to put pressure on women to distort their healthy bodies too feel accepted. In addition, not having plus sized models in campaigns causes women to suffer from harmful effects as they try to replicate images of a zero size model. In a recent survey, it was found there are up to seventy million individuals worldwide who have an eating disorder, and of hem 90% are women between the ages of twelve and twenty-five (US Mental Health Administration). Some women have become so desperate to lose weight that they turned to starvation developing bulimia and anorexia. However, it is not the skinny models to blame for this, because they also suffer from these conditions. Even models feel pressurized to stay skinny and many models starve for days before a runway until they can barely keep their eyes open. Kristin Clement, former Vogue editor revealed that some models had turned to dangerous methods such as eating tissue. Yes, tissues. Models eat this dehydrated, bleached paper in order to become â€Å"Paris thin†. If this is not stopped it will not be long until all women struggling with weight loss will try this to. Have we become this inhuman that being skinny is more important than life? Hence, I believe it is vital for fashion industries to use plus size models to promote more healthy living and prevent unnecessary deaths. Finally, by using plus sized models there would be an increase in business. The average plus size model ranges from size 8-14, they are not fat, they are healthy. A study done Warwick Business found that adverts and campaigns which predominantly feature skinny models are more likely to discourage sales. H have currently begun using plus size models for their swim suit campaigns. CEO Karl – John Person said he feels â€Å"irresponsible with the type of female body image being portrayed† and now is committed to market and encourage diverse body types. This has begun to influence many more women to feel confident about their body. According to the Business Insider, those who are labeled as plus size account for 67% of the apparel arching population, bringing in retail revenue of nearly $16 billion Just in US every year. This indicates clothes for plus sizes have become very important in the market. Furthermore, many stores have begun using plus size mannequins. By displaying larger mannequins, not only do women see how the clothes would fit their shape but they would also feel more confident due to the increase in publication of the plus size within the fashion industry. Hence are likely to purchase more. Therefore, I believe there fashion industries should use plus size models because here are many positive outcomes. However, some people may argue that many people are naturally really thin, but only 5% (SCUD) of the women have the skinny model body, the majority of the other 95% will resort to unhealthy living conditions. You may also argue that it’s a models Job to look extremely skinny, however would you let your daughters risk their well-being for a moment of fame? Does that really make it okay? Even though plus size models have made a massive stride in obtaining respect in a business that demands skinny; resulting in more full figured women to race the high fashion magazine covers and to walk the main stream fashion shows. The portrayal that thinner is better is still deeply engraved in society. This is putting pressure on women to be someone they are not and resulting in harsh life threatening disease such as anorexia. There are countless advantages on having plus size models in the industries from benefits in business to benefits in well-being. Therefore, we need to do something to change the craving for the unrealistic body image. Plus size models do not promote obesity, they reflect reality. How to cite The fashion industry should not feel obligated, Essays

Why I Want to Attend Ohio State free essay sample

On my official visit to OSU, a gentleman who currently attends the university said something that really stuck with me during the course of the visit. He said, â€Å" Choosing OSU was one of the best decisions that I have ever made. All of the schools you just mentioned were on my list as well, and the best advice I can give to you is go with the school that feels right, the one that feels like you fit in and the one that makes you comfortable.† I have always been focused on achieving excellence in my academic career. Additional activities such as athletics and community service helped me learn leadership and how to take initiative. Throughout my visit I was able to see how I would be able to fit in with the other students, while continuing all of my achievements. While attending The Ohio State University, I will be able to attain my bachelors degree in Physical Education(k-12) and also my Master degree in Mathematics(7-12). We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Attend Ohio State or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During which I will have the opportunity to play club sports such as women’s ice hockey as well. In conjunction with impeccably fitting in at OSU, I am very interested in the school because of its location. Being only an hour or so from home, I will be able to stay actively involved in Keaton, my seven year old brothers life. Keaton is tremendously important to my life, and I want to be there for him when he needs me. Also, I do not want to miss out on his childhood because I am too far away from him. I will be able to attend important gatherings to watch him grow, excel, and perform throughout my years at OSU. Just another reason why I am so interested in attending The Ohio State University.

Ten Plagues Upon Egypt Essays - Book Of Exodus, Bo, Plagues Of Egypt

Ten Plagues Upon Egypt To escape punishment for killing an Egyptian, Moses ran away to Midian, where he met and married the daughter of a shepherd. During that time, the king of Egypt died, and the Israelites called out to God in their suffering. In the past, God had made a covenant with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob concerning the fate of them and their descendants, and the time had come for Him to rescue them. While Moses was tending his father-in-law's sheep, he led the sheep through the desert until they arrived at Mt. Horeb. There, the angel of the Lord appeared to Moses in the form of flames from a bush. The Lord told Moses that He saw the misery that the Israelites were suffering at the hands of the Egyptians, and would come and rescue them. He instructed Moses to go to the Pharaoh, ask that the Israelites be freed, and then lead them out of Egypt and into the land of the Canaanites. When Moses objected that neither Pharaoh nor his own people would support him, God let him know that He knew Pharaoh's heart would harden against Him, so He would show His power to the Egyptians by raining down calamities against them. This display of anger for the Egyptians who refused to follow His will was manifested in ten plagues. God, working through Moses and Aaron, brought misery after misery upon Pharaoh and the Egyptians. 1. The first plague involved changing the water of the Nile River into blood. Moses warned Pharaoh that unless he let the Israelites go to worship God, the river would turn to blood, the fish would die, the water would stink, and the people would not be able to drink. Even the water stored in jars would turn to blood. Pharaoh disobeyed, and God let loose his wrath. Pharaoh hardened his heart as God had said, and walked back into his palace. 2. The second plague occurred seven days later. When the Pharaoh refused yet again to obey God, the Lord brought frogs out of the land. They filled the Nile, and every home, bed and oven. Pharaoh then agreed to free the Israelites if God removed the frogs. God caused the frogs to die the next day, but Pharaoh hardened his heart and broke his end of the agreement. God then sent a third plague. 3. Everywhere throughout Egypt, the Lord changed dust into gnats. They covered men, animals and all of the land. Even Pharaoh's magicians saw this was the work of God, but Pharaoh still would not listen. God knew this was going to happen and sent Moses to Pharaoh to demand freedom, or a fourth plague would descend upon him and his people. Like before, he refused. 4. This fourth plague brought flies over the entire land, except for Goshen, which was where the Israelites lives. Moses had gone and warned Pharaoh of this, and let him know that Goshen would be spared to prove God's power to the Pharaoh. When the flies came, they poured into the palace and the homes of Pharaoh's officials. They covered the land and ruined it. Pharaoh again agreed to free the Israelites so that they could go to the desert and make sacrifices to worship God, but only if the flies were taken away. Again, a deal was made, and God caused every last fly to leave. Yet once again, Pharaoh hardened his heart and would not let the people go. 5. Then the Lord sent Moses to warn Pharaoh of a fifth plague, in which all of Egypt's livestock would die, but not the Israelite's. Pharaoh chose not to obey, and the next day, God brought His plague. Pharaoh sent his men to investigate the livestock of the Israelites, and even though he saw that not one was harmed, he still disobeyed God. 6. God then created a sixth plague, the plague of boils, to sweep across the land. Moses took soot from the furnace and tossed it in the air before the Pharaoh, It became fine dust over the whole land and on every man and animal that it landed on caused a terrible outbreak of boils, but Pharaoh still refused to free the Israelites. 7. At this point, God instructed Moses to go once again to Pharaoh, only this time the punishment for disobedience would be even greater. Moses was to tell Pharaoh that God had given him many chances to let His people go, and now He would display

Slave Rebellion and Resistance essays

Slave Rebellion and Resistance essays Throughout the Southern States where slavery was rampant slaves devised many different methods of resisting everyday hardships. Most slaves used peaceful methods of resistance. These methods however, were ineffective in helping slaves claim any rights. Many times the abuse and hopelessness got so severe that slaves took matters into their own hands and physically tried to claim their rights in the form of violent revolts such as Nat Turners Rebellion. Although, these events stand out in history, they were actually quite rare. For the most part slaves did not confront their masters up front but rebelled in hidden ways. They used peaceful methods to cope with their situations such as developing their own culture complete with a distinct religion and narratives to provide morality and hope. Out in the fields they quietly fought back by working slowly, stealing merchandise, feigning illness, or breaking tools. Most resistance occurred in ways where the slaves would peacefully prevent the master from making a full profit. An eruption of violence on behalf of the slaves was uncommon. The few times that it did occur, it was due to personal problems between the slaves and their owners (Dillon 201). What made Nat Turners Rebellion so unique was the violent nature of it. Nat believed he was a Christ-like figure with a message from God to free blacks from their white masters. He believed he could do so by taking his band of followers and going from place to place killing all whites and recruiting more black followers until they had conquered the land (Wilson 196). It was incredibly rare to see an act of such great violence carried out by slaves against the white slave-owning class. Such revolts were uncommon because slaves usually used other methods of resistance, but also because many times the plans were uncovered and the slaves were punished before they had a chance to carry them out. Whites lived in constant fear of a sla...

Writing for Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing for Professional Practice - Essay Example This has resulted in the development of media and scientific literacies. While in the globalized world technologies spread at rapid pace, there are still over 860 million adults that are illiterate. Additionally, nearly 100 million lack access to school. The importance of literacy within contemporary society has not gone unnoticed. The United Nations has declared 2003-2012 the decade of Literacy as Freedom. The notion of literacy is witnessed in a variety of ways. This essay considers the various freedoms literacy offers in a globalized society. Analysis Considered from an overarching perspective literacy has been recognized as contributing to freedom in a variety of ways. An examination of literature on the subject of literacy freedom demonstrates thematic nodes. Many theorists have focused on literacy in terms of empowerment, including women’s right freedoms or emerging nations (Freire 2000; Freire 2005; Dighe 1994). Still, it’s clear that literacy extends to freedoms that relate to all elements of society. One freedom literacy affords individuals and populations is security. Indeed, insecurity has been prominently linked to illiteracy. This term is extended to insecurity in a variety of avenues. Not being able to read and write is a tremendously anxiety producing experience, as individuals fear social stigmatization, ridicule, or a variety of other conditions. While there is the potential that something awful may happen to an individual that is illiterate, Knobel (1999, p. 20) indicates that the very state of being illiterate is indicative of something terrible having happened. In many ways this perspective on literacy as granting the individual the freedom of mental and emotional help is not restricted to populations in Western societies, but can be extended globally, particularly in the emerging world. Bhasin (1984, p. 37) examined literacy in India. Specifically, she examined the construction and development of an educational institute named the Pratichi Trust. The study revealed that over time the girl’s that were admitted to the institute quickly gained the literacy skills of their male counterparts; in this way literacy afforded the freedom of gender equality. Gender equality, however, wasn’t the only freedom gained through this literacy. The study notes that soon the parents became involved and it encouraged a greater degree of community involvement and harmony. In Development As Freedom, Amartya Sen advances a framework that considers the relation between literacy and freedom (Sen 2000). The consideration of this framework reveals a number of prominent ways that literacy offers freedom in a globalized society. One of the central thorough-puts of Sen’s framework is the recognition that literacy often contributes to opportunities and options. The consideration in this way is that literacy must be considered in terms of development. This development extends to personal and professional modes and comprehensively influences the individual’s existence. Rather than specifically considering the way that literacy contributes to freedoms or the avoidance of unfreedoms, there is an emphasis on the social structures that the individual must navigate. The argument then is that development in literacy allows the individual the skills necessary for this navigation. Sen (2000, p. 284) writesn, â€Å"A child who is denied the opportunity of elementary schooling is not only deprived as a youngster, but also handicapped all through life (as a person unable to do certain basic things that rely on reading, writ- ing and arithmetic).† While Sen recognizes there are considerable freedoms that are achieved through literacy, perhaps even more important is the recognitio

The pity of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The pity of war - Essay Example Owen’s poem reveals the sheer ridiculousness of arrogant militarism. While Gibson’s The Conscript is about the healers, the doctors who become so desensitized by war that they are not affected by even the most horrible sights that they come across. These poems make an excellent case against war; they remind us that war is a waste of precious lives and that it strips us of our humanity. Sassoon wrote The General after one of his close friends died. It is a very personal poem for him, and it questions the validity of the war. Many soldiers died in World War I due to the incompetence of those in charge and Sassoon wrote this poem decrying this very incompetence. The careless almost inhumane attitude of the general is seen as he is greeting his way through the line of his soldiers in a chirpy manner while most of them have died. His chirpy exuberance is misplaced when one considers the deaths of those under his command. The general, who most likely was safe in the back lines while his men followed his orders, does not even notice that there are many men missing – men who have died following his careless and irresponsible commands. As the men â€Å"slogged up to Arras† the city where the frontline was located throughout much of WWI, they end up blaming â€Å"his staff for incompetent swine† than place the responsibility on the General. Many a time, soldiers have to pay the price for the incompetence of their commandants, be they generals or not, and yet those in command are completely unaffected by the loss of life. In The Parable of the Old Man and the Young, Owen retells the Old Testament story of Abraham’s sacrifice, about how he, in obedience to a direct command from god, was willing to take the life of his only son, Isaac. He uses the characters but changes the ending. He uses Isaac as an analogy for the soldiers who are sacrificed, and Abraham as the old

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Biology - Essay Example There were no fossils available at this time to make comparisons or linkages. As a result what was available was visual and the comparison was made to gorillas and chimpanzees which included bonobos. Authors and researchers A. C. Wilson and V. M. Sarich wrote that quantitative comparisons made of serum albumins, transferrins, hemoglobins, and DNA show that man is more similar to African Apes than to old world monkeys. They argued that the inference made by some regarding monkeys to men is not correct. (Wilson, Sarich 1088) This argument is made well simply because the original argument made by Darwin as Dawkins points out was in favor of Apes and chimpanzees versus monkeys. Additional support for the theories originally postulated by Darwin abounds as a result of the use of DNA. Dawkins address’s the various fossils and skeletons found, Ape Man, Java man, Peking man and more and debunk the creationist approach in this regard. He does make it clear that he respects the creationists approach regarding the use of arguments that are not valid, though his disdain for them shines through in the surrounding texts. Though the argument against the missing links has valid points, the author Dr. Marvin Lubenow makes it clear that the fossil presentations can be called into question simply because they cannot be definitively shown to be human or of human ancestry. (Lubenow 10-17) Dawkins continues to place what is known and accepted ahead of these arguments however, and shows that some of the more lurid attempts to challenge the fossil records are not based in science but in popular belief. As we read through the next two chapters we are quickly made to see that some of the more normal arguments made against evolution truly are baseless. One argument for which Dawkins quotes a brilliant response is the argument that man could come from a single cell. The response is swift

Weldon Hand Tools Case Study

Weldon Hand Tools Case Study This report discusses designing a production process to produce Weldon hand tool, the product detail, the time for assembling each element as well as the sales focus of the product are all given in the case study. The report first start with calculating the number of staff required for each volume of work per quarterly for the two years period of the sales forecast ,then looks at the required technology and facility to assemble the product, it then further discuss proposed design layout for assembling operation, lastly the report discusses the likely adjustment of the propose layout should the demands increases and finally the report ends with conclusion recommending the need to balance between demands and capacity in a well organised production that supply the market with a reliable, and fairly price tool. Staffing In terms of determining how many staff is needed to work in assembling of smoothing plane manufacturing plant, given the sales forecast for the next two years we assume that each employerto works 35 hours per week for 48 weeks a year excluding the holidays. For simplicity this report will only show the calculation of the 1st quarter, the 2nd and the last quarter of the 2nd year of sales forecast of the staff required and the rest is provide as shown in the table in fig 1 below. 2.1- Calculation 1st Quarter The required number of staff for the sales volume in the next two years.We first calculate the total time available per quarterly. The sales forecast for the first quarter is 98,000 units and given that it takes 1.60 minutes to assemble one unit, the time needed to assemble the 98,000 units will be 98,000 X 1.60= 156800 minutes. In assuming the full time workers work 35 hours a week (7 hour a day for 5 working days) one worker working 12 weeks will be 35 hrs X 12weeks X 60 minutes=25200 mins Therefore number of worker that is needed for manufacturing 98,000 units will be 156800/25200= 6.222 This will be equivalent to 7 people as there is no fraction of people 2.2- Calculation 2nd Quarter The sales forecast for this quarter is 140,000 units, therefore the time requires to assemble it is 140,000 X 1.6 = 224000 From equation 1 the time available for one worker will be 35 hrs X 12weeks X 60 minutes= 25200 mins Hence the number of staff required will be 224000/25200 = 8.888 equivalent to 9 people Subsequently every quarter is calculated the same till the last quarter. Therefore the sales forecast for the last quarter of the 2nd year is 230,000 units and given that it takes 1.60 minutes to assemble one unit the time needed to assemble will be 230,000 units will be 230,000 X 1.60= 368,000 minutes. Therefore the number of people required to work for the quarter will be. Since it was assume that full time workers working 35 hours a week (7 hour a day for 5 working days) one worker working for 12 weeks will be 35 hrs X 12weeks X 60 minutes=25200 mins Therefore number of worker that is needed for manufacturing 98,000 unit will be 368,000/25200= 14.603 This will be equivalent to 15 people as there is no fraction of people. In conclusion we see the demand is not constant and there is inflation and deflation in demand to solve this we either employ more worker or ask the existing staff to do some extra over time when ever demand increase Facilities and technology Since the sales forecast shows a high demand selecting the required facilities and technology in designing the manufacturing process for Weldon hand tools is very crucial therefore the first and foremost things to consider is the size of the facility and if there is room for expansion .the operation process and the required work force We need to have in place capital and labour, proper planning of the process, research on customer requirement, seminars and training to compete in the market as the sales forecast shows increase and decrease in demand and finally managing the inventory by having warehouse for the stocks Assembling smoothing plane can be divided into three major area, fly pressing, bench operation andwrapping, other than fly pressing which requires pressingmachine,the general operation is reasonably simple so some of the technology and facilities required are Press machines for press operation Customised kits for efficient bench operation Stapler, truck, and wrapping bench for easy handling of tools and wrapping Design layout Design layout is significant process in operation management ,the flow of the layout very much relies on the volume and variety characteristic which shapes the overall design (Slack et al, 2010).The decision as to which layout type to adopt will be influenced by an understanding of their relative advantages and disadvantages (Slack et al, 2010). Therefore in order to design the layout we need first to identify the type of manufacturing process that smoothing planes is. As per the case study and according to its sales focus there is indication that this is high volume output and low variety operation and so this can be class as a mass process manufacturing process and so product base layout is the appropriate design layout.Since that the new product has a similar design with little variation, the design layout can be the same as the small variation does not affect the fundamental production process. Finally the main factors that determine the design layout in this case study is the ease in which expansion can be made to meet the increasing demand, focusing on the process to combine flexibility with a minimum lead timeare the main The layout therefore can be organised in simple and flexible manner so as to enhance the speed of production and reduce inventory while meeting the expected increase of demand The first task is solely a fly press operation in order to minimise idle time between the work stations. The operation will be organised such as each unit recovers the goods from the previous unit 4.1- Layout stages S0 by numbering the element available to assemble the task 1-12 so as to calculate the number of e stages required for the product layout. This is worked out by requiring the cycle time, even though the cycle time for each quarter was shown in the above table in Fiq1, we will show the calculation of how it was arrive , but in term of calculating the stages we only need the sales of the first quarter Since the sales forecast for the first quarter is 98,000 unit and given that it takes 1.60 minutes to assemble one unit, its assume that full time workers work 35 hours a week (7 hour a day for 5 working days)the net time available for work in 12 weeks(1st quarter) will be 35 hrs. X 12weeks X 60 minutes=25200 minutes Therefore the required cycle time =total time available/work volume 25200/98000= 0.257 mins No of stages required will be = total volume /cycle time 1.6/0.257 = 6.222= 7 stages Having known the number of stages we then list the element 1-2 and draw the precedence diagram to calculate the balancing loss Element 1: Assemble poke subassembly 0.12 Element 2: Fit poke subassembly to frog 0.10 Element 3: Rivet adjusting level to frog 0.15 Element 4: Press adjusting nut screw to frog 0.08 Element 5: Fit adjusting nut to frog 0.15 Element 6: Fit frog screw to frog 0.05 Element 7: Fit knob to base 0.15 Element 8: Fit handle to base 0.17 Element 9: Fit frog subassembly to base 0.15 Element 10: Assemble blade subassembly 0.08 Element 11: Assemble blade subassembly, clamp and label to base and adjust 0.20 Element 12: Make up box and wrap plane, pack and stock 0.20 Fiq3below displays the final distribution of work after breaking down the process into different stages of the long thin arrangement, the advantage is that its an ideal way of arranging flexible and expandable operation., makes moving and handling materials between unit effective and as well as providing adequate amount of floor space . 0.15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ 0.08 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ £ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¨ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ª à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ «Ã‚   0. 12 0.10 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.15à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ © 0.20 0.20 Fig2 Element listing and precedence diagram 4.2- Calculating balancing loss 0.15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ 0.08 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ £ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¨ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ª à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ «Ã‚   0. 12 0.10 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.15à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ © 0.20 0.20 Stage1 stage2 satge3 stage4 satge5 stage6 stage7 stage8 Cycle time = 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Idle time of every cycle =(0.26-0.22)+(0.26-0.25)+(0.26-0.20)+(0.26-0.15)+(0.26-0.17)+(0.26-0.23)+(0.26-0.20)+0.26-0.20) = 0.45 Balance loss = 0.45/8 0.26 = 21.6 % Fig 3 Allocation of element to stages and balancing loss for Weldon hand tool fig2 Meeting the demand In meeting increasing demand the above design layout can be adjusted by rearranging the stages. The conventional arrangement of the eight stages was to arrange them in one line and each stage takes 0.257 minutes (cycle time) worth of work; however this can be rearranged in to four shorter lines each stage with 0.514 minutes worth of work will give the same output. So following this conclusion the stages could be arranged in 8 parallel stages each responsible for the whole worked content, the advantage is that it will save time for product transportation both within the site and the nearby building where facilities are located, create plenty of space within the site hence enhancing easy expansion to meet increase in demand and finally the inventory will also assist to place the product well in stock Lastly the above layout has concentrated on the labour time effectiveness of assembling one unit per hour per person,however concentrating on speed and quickness of machines may encounter any competition of demand and capacity Conclusion In operational management capacity planning such knowing what is the size of the facilities, the geographical location and the row material for the production process is fundamental, crucial and necessary To successful manage the Weldon hand tool manufacturing process its desirable that the layout be design in a flexible way to rearrange stages that will create more rooms for expansion so as to meet future demands and capacity. The flexibility also makes the transportation (moving and handling) of materials between unit effective Finally at the moment the sales forecast does not predicts smooth distribution of demand to encounter this problem of inflation and deflation of the sales, marketing the product through sales promotion could improve the demand distribution to a smooth increase throughout the quarters.

My Year in France Essay -- How Education Has Changed My Life

The bus is swerving around corners at uncomfortable speeds, but no one seems to notice. My bags are falling all over the place, while everyone else's are clutched calmly at their sides. I'm wearing a collered shirt with khakis, and everyone else is wearing black I'm feeling a little out of place. Â   As the shuttle zooms between the various terminals at Paris's Charles de Gualle Airport, I glance nervously at my watch. I have a reservation on the train to Marseille that leaves in 20 minutes. In French, I call up to the driver from the middle of the bus, 'is this stop the train station ?' No one responds. I call again, 'is this stop the train station?' A girl my age timidly shakes her head 'no.' I approach the bus driver three stops later and ask him which stop is the train station, and he responds, 'it was the last stop, Monsieur.' I asked him why he didn't indicate that fact to me, as he had heard me call out earlier, and he curtly replied, 'you didn't ask me, Monsieur.' Â   I missed that train, and had to go into Paris to take the next train, which got me into Marseille several hours later than planned, and into Aix-en-Provence with just enough time for the receptionist at my hotel to inform me that my room had been sold because they thought I wasn't coming. My year in France was off to a frustrating start. Â   Flash to mid-November, ten weeks later. After rolling out of bed in my loft, which is decorated with seventeenth century frescos, I climbed downstairs to fix my French toast in my well-equiped kitchen, complete with a view of a courtyard. I'm worried about finding time to go shopping for tonight's dinner party, what kind of wine I should pick up, and whether I should go to Florence or ... ...ure don't look American anymore. Gone are the bluejeans and concert T-shirts. Gone are the IU sweatshirts. In are turtleneck pulls, dark slacks, and smart shoes. Â   I have grown accustomed to the breakneck speed French drivers maintain, and have learned to travel light. I now know to ask the bus driver first thing to signal my stop, and they are always happy to do so. Â   It's amazing how quickly something so different can become so familiar. For me, that is what I love about traveling-learning to understand the differences in order to discover all the similarities. Looking into that girl's eyes and seeing her complete and utter despair, I realized that my mere ten weeks had already given me the knowledge and attitude necessary to feel comfortable in this foreign place. The learning curve in the months that have followed has been exponential.

The Importance of Characterization

Characterization is the process by which the author brings a character to life. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses exceptional characterization throughout the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles. There are four methods of characterization which can be revealed through direct characterization and indirect characterization. The most common method of characterization is the narrator’s direct description of a character. This is a very important method as it enables the reader to have a vivid picture in their mind. The method of the character’s own words and actions or the method where the character’s reveals their own feelings allows the reader to become engulfed in the novel. The fourth and final method is how the other characters react to him and what they say about him. This allows the reader to interact with the other characters as well. Sir Henry, Mr. Barrymore and Mr. Stapleton are excellently characterized throughout the novel. Characterization is a method used by an author to develop a character. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle explicitly uses characterization to describe Sir Henry Baskerville. The reader can clearly visualize Sir Henry when the author uses the narrator’s direct description. â€Å"The latter was a small, alert, dark-eyed man about thirty years of age, very sturdily built, with thick black eyebrows and a strong, pugnacious face† (Doyle 40). The reader can sense the grief put upon Sir Henry as the author uses characterization to describe the character’s own feelings. â€Å"He walked slowly back the way he had come, his head hanging, the very picture of dejection† (123). The author’s technique of using the method of how other characters react to him and what they say about him enables the reader to understand how others feel about himâ€Å" Our friends title, his fortune, his age, his character, and his appearance are all in his favour, and I know nothing against him, unless it be the dark fate which runs in his family† (126). Sir Henry is thoroughly described using the methods of characterization. Mr. Barrymore is also accurately described using characterization. Mr. Barrymore is a trustworthy individual which is demonstrated by the character’s own words and actions. â€Å"It is my business, and not yours. I will not tell† (131). Mr. Barrymore is vividly described using the narrator’s direct description. â€Å"The man is a striking-looking fellow, very well equipped to steal the heart of a country girl† (118). It is made obvious to the reader how one character reacts to another using the fourth method of cha racterization. â€Å"It seemed to me that the pallid features of the butler turned a shade paler still as he listened to his master’s question† (87). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle described Mr. Barrymore to the exact degree using characterization. Mr. Jack Stapleton is described precisely using many methods of characterization. Mr. Stapleton is a secretive man and kept his opinions to himself. This is demonstrated by using the method of the character’s own feelings. â€Å"Stapleton was guarded in his replies, but it was easy to see that he said less than he might, and he would not express his whole opinion out of consideration for the feelings of the baronet† (109-110). It was evident that Mr. Stapleton was a naturalist using the narrator’s direct description of the man. â€Å"A tin box of botanical specimens hung over his shoulder and he carried a green butterfly-net in one of his hands† (90). The reader can clearly sense Dr. Watson’s reaction to Mr. Stapleton using the reactive characterization. â€Å"The words took away my breath for an instant but a glance at the placid face and steadfast eyes of my companion showed no surprise was intended† (92). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is genuinely able to describe Mr. Stapleton by using characterization. Characterization generates a plot and is revealed by actions, speech, thoughts and other characters’ thoughts. All four distinct characterizations are used throughout the novel. Sir Henry, Mr. Barrymore and Mr. Stapleton are excellently characterized in the novel, The Hound of the Baskervilles. All four methods of characterization are equally important to produce a bestsellin g novel. Characterization is essential in all novels as it aids the reader to visualize a character to their fullest potential.

Correcting an Incorrect Business Email

Correcting an Incorrect Business Email What is the best way to correct an error in an email sent to multiple recipients, if you are listed in the cc: line of that email, along with other recipients? It can be a little confusing, because if you are listed on the cc: line you can assume you are being informed, with no expectation of a response from you. However, the one exception to this rule is when you know the message to be incorrect, requiring you to correct the misunderstanding. If time is not critical, do not reply to all and correct the sender. Instead, email the sender, explaining your correction, and ask him or her to resend the corrected information to the same recipient group. Only if the sender does not correct the message should you alert the group with your correction. If time does not allow you to alert the sender to correct the message, only then should you reply to all with your correct information. And, be kind and phrase your correction clearly but tactfully. This applies in both business email and personal email. I received a message from a friend this morning alerting me and a large group of recipients how to detect a two-way mirror in case we were being spied upon in clothing dressing rooms. Ok, it was silly. Still, my friend who sent this message is well-intentioned and a nice lady. Another recipient replied to everyone, providing a terse message that the sender was incorrect and included a Snopes link (a site which identifies urban legends) refuting her two-way mirror test. This correction was unkind. The corrector should have sent the Snopes link to the original sender and given her an opportunity to make her own correction. Give a colleague or a friend a chance to wipe the egg off their own face, before you throw some more. Master business email in your career in this Email Course.

Amazon and eCommerce essays

Amazon and eCommerce essays Amazon.com is now an online retailer of books, toys, music, DVDs, clothing, house-wares and a variety of other products. Its services are aimed primarily at the internet consumer, the person who goes online and uses Amazon.coms website to find a product. It all began in 1994 when Jeff Bezo, Amazon.coms CEO and founder, believed books had the potential to be sold on the internet. It was clear that computers and the internet could be uniquely applied to organize, present and sell the entire stock in a way that a physical store or mail-order catalogue couldnt possibly imagine. After one year of building a support infrastructure, Amazon.com was launched in 1995. In May 1997, Amazon.com went public at a price of $18 a share raising $54 million in its public stock offering. I believe the single biggest reason why Amazon.com has been successful while other ecommerce companies have failed can be attributed directly to its continued focus on the customers needs and satisfaction. Any business , large or small, willing to be more conscientious and treat customers like human beings can achieve profitability. For success on the internet, the business and customer experience is more important than the web site on which it is built. Amazon.com continually moves towards creating the electronic equivalent of a personnel-shopping assistant to distinguish itself from all possible competition. They do not wish to be viewed as just another online store. Amazon.coms leading role has also meant the company is constantly exploring uncharted territory. It also means constantly tweaking plans while trying to figure out how people want to shop online. They were able to increase the customer experience through improved operations. Were different from other online retailers in that we have a technology base that allows customers to find, discover and glean out of hundreds of millions of products, those that ...

Cuban Collection Against the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cuban Collection Against the US - Essay Example After the collapse of the communist U.S.S.R. in 1991 Cuban military capability has diminished to a great length, and the government uses Direccion General de Intelligencia (DGI) to provide security against an interference of the internal affairs of the country from the U.S. The Cuban regime knows it too well the threat they face from the United State government and have sent DGI agents to gather intelligence and prepare the regime to counter any philosophical ideas in the country social, economic and political structures. This was evidenced by the arrest of the Cuban Five in 1998 in the U.S, Ana Montes in 2001 and Gwendolyn & Walter in 20093. This demonstrates how the Cuban prioritize on spying on the U.S government even with the defeat of communism. According to the House Committee on foreign relations, Cuba posed a threat to American citizen. Ms. Ros Lehtinen argued that the Castro regime threatened the U.S. national security interest with its state sponsored terrorism operation just 9 miles away from American shores4. The committee members also discusses the Cuban espionage operation by the Wasp network in the country’s military installations. Moreover, the Cuban regime has had used its spy agent to attack the U.S cyber system. The tension between Cuba and the United State is so severe that many CIA agent have died while in Latin America as a result of their counterpart in the U.S colluding to provide classified information to the Cuban regime. The Cuban regime has also used its doctors to spy on its behalf when they are shipped all over the world5. Fidel Castrol has been a stabling block of U.S President that have assumed office since he seized power in 19596. The U.S tried to remove Castrol from power in the early 1960 through spying and other scheme, but it failed in all its operations. For this reason, the DGI and foreign contracted CIA agent

Youth and Interschool Sport Injuries Research Paper

Youth and Interschool Sport Injuries - Research Paper Example 2011). One study that was done on the subject is described in the article titled, â€Å"Football-Related Injuries Among 6- to 17-Year-Olds Treated in US Emergency Departments, 1990-2007† (Id.). Prior research estimated that the US has between 300,000 and 1.2 million injuries annually that are related to football (Shankar et al., 2007). Since the injury rate is so high, better injury prevention strategies must be developed; and, in order to develop them, more research is needed to help fill in all the gaps in the existing research. Very little research on youth football-related injuries currently exists that has a nationally representative sample (Nation et al., 2011). For example, many prior studies only included injuries occurring in organized league play and disregarded injuries that happened during unorganized play (Id.). Some other prior studies focus only on one specific geographic location or type of injury; therefore, none of those studies contained a sample that repres ents the national population so the results are not widely applicable (Id.). In order to obtain more widely applicable results, the current research included children from 6- to 17-years old that had been treated for a football-related injury in a US emergency department between 1990 and 2007 (Id).

Ocado Chief Executive Tim Steiner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ocado Chief Executive Tim Steiner - Essay Example Ensuring utility in its services is another corporate social responsibility action that is taken by Ocado. This involves meeting consumers’ needs with respect to product description, quality, and delivery time. Significance of the action to market expansion and the company’s initiatives that include significant coverage of its physical market by van suggests this. The delivery initiative indicates commitment to customers’ needs that include delivery of actual products and quality of products. I also believe that Ocado recruits employees from the community around it in in order to empower people economically. This further has the effect of integrating the community into a business entity and developing a loyalty towards market caption and retention, a phenomenon that has occurred for the company. Lastly, Ocado is ensuring environmental sustainability as a corporate social responsibility initiative because the society is environmentally conscious and a contrary action would discourage them from the organization, especially in the competitive environment that allows consumers options of suppliers.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The pyramid of corporate social responsibility starts with the economic responsibilities at the base, then legal, ethical and ends with philanthropic responsibilities at the top. In regards to Ocado’s economic responsibilities, it turns over nearly eight hundred million pounds every year. It has more than three hundred and sixty thousand customers and more than six thousand employees (Erickson 2009, 161).   In terms of its legal responsibilities, for the most part it complies with regulations in the food retail industry. However, in 2012, it undercut Waitrose products unfairly in a manner deserving of legal action but it was not sued. In addition, the company makes it clear that it does not donate to political parties,

Soda is bad for you Essay Example for Free

Soda is bad for you Essay Dr. Sara Po trom Family Cosmetic Dentistry, but shes not the only one that thinks that! Almost all pop has some sort ot sugar or high tructose corn syrup in it: this is known to damage teeth. The sugar in carbonated sott drinks is a primary source tor cavities. Bacteria in your mouth teed on sugar and ake an acid that dissolves tooth enamel says Dentist Howard S. Glazer. Howard Glazer is the president of the Academy of General Dentistry and has been a dentist for over 15 years. Faber 2 Not only do regular sodas affect a persons teeth negatively, diet soda does also, According to the Colgate Dental Resource Center, Soft drinks and diet soft drinks have emerged as one of the most significant dietary sources of tooth decay, affecting people of all ages. Acids and acidic sugar byproducts in soft drinks soften tooth enamel, contributing to the formation of cavities _ Acid and acidic sugar byproducts re both found In many different types of soda Sodas contain a high amount of Acidity, and when you get a lot of acidity In your mouth that can cause the formation of cavities to speed Your chances of getting cavities are much greater when the acid level In your saliva goes under a certain point. Drinking soda frequently causes the acid level In your saliva to go under that point, and when that happens your teeth start to lose natural minerals that protect your teeth from getung cavities. According to an unknown author at Fltsugar. com, The phosphoric acid In soda, which Is what eeps It nice and bubbly, dissolves the calcium out of your teeths enamel, leaving them soft and unprotected causing cavities. The phosphoric acid In soda not only affects the enamel on your teeth but It also affects your bones. The American Journal ot cllnlcal Nutrition published a study that showed evidence that supports the Idea that drinking more soda lowers bone density. The lower the density ot a bone, the more likely it is to break. James A Howenstine the authorot, A Physicians Guide to leading to lower calcium levels and higher phosphate levels in the blood. When hosphate levels are high and calcium levels are low, Faber 3 calcium is pulled out of the bones phosphate content of soft drinks it is very high, and they contain virtually no calcium. That can cause bones to weaken. A recent study at Harvard shows that people who drink soda are three times as likely to get bone fractures compared to those who dont drink soda. Men and women that drank three or more sodas a day had 2. 3 to 5. percent less bone mass compared to those who didnt drink any pop at all. This is because excess phosphorus in your diet binds with calcium in your digestive tract, which keeps it rom reaching your bones says Dr. Tucker from Tufts University. Any kind of pop regular, caffeine free, or diet contains phosphorus. Phosphorus is an ingredient that increases the acidity of your blood. Your body takes calcium from your bones, in an effort to try and get rid of some of the acidity in your blood which leads to bone loss over a sort period of time. Just three colas per week may be enough to create significant bone loss says Dr. Tucker. In a 120z can of regular soda, on average there is 160 calories. In one can of soda contains anywhere from 10-12 teaspoons of sugar hich is your recommended intake for one entire day. 62% of Americans drink at least one soda per day. Soda contains virtually no nutritional value, these added empty calories can add up to 65,700 extra calories a year if a person drinks Just one soda a day. These statistics are according to California Center for Public Health. Drinking an excessive amount of soda can lead to a person to be overweight or even lead to obesity. Soda pop is a quintessential Junk food, Its Just pure calories, and no nutrients. Its like a bomb in our diet. The CSPI is pushing to require obesity warning abels on the sides of soda Faber 4 cans, like the surgeon generals warning on cigarettes said Michael Jacobson, who heads the Center for Science in the Public Interest. In a study done at Harvard scientists gave 100 people regular soda to drink for a week. Then gave anot her 100 people other drinks such as milk, water, and orange Juice to drink for a week. In the end the people who drank the regular soda gained as much as 81bs. Dr. Louis Aronne of Weill-Cornell Medical College says Its because soda pop of any kind is a waste of calories. It gives you more sugar then your body needs which means more calories, nd in the end doesnt fill you up at all. Most people that drink soda and go on diets usually think that switching over to diet soda will be better for them because it contains no calories. Researchers at the University Of Texas Health Sciences Center found there is a 41% increased of being overweight for every can of diet soda you drink each day. The study found that people who drank diet soda gained more weight than those who drank regular soda. A reason for this is that diet soda fools your body into thinking its getting calories.

The History Of Peer Tutoring :: Essays Papers

The History Of Peer Tutoring From the writer: I wrote this paper for Bobbi Kirby-Werner's Peer Consulting Practicum. The history and psychology of peer tutoring interested me because all the way through the class, I had wondered "Where did this method of learning/instruction emerge from?" The answer was of course, England. I also liked the idea that you didn't have to be a "professional" to be a peer consultant: that, in fact, the point was that you WEREN'T a professional, and because of this, it was in some instances much easier for students to relate to peer consultants. Which in turn helped them with writing. From the teacher: Brendan's text fulfilled part of the WRT 331 requirement to prepare a paper as well as a 15-minute presentation about some aspect of his experience as a peer writing consultant. In his proposal for this project, Brendan noted that his status as a peer in many cases enabled him to relate better to his clients and to have more productive sessions than he might have otherwise. This experience prompted his investigation of the history of peer consulting. The insights Brendan shared in his paper and presentation were valuable additions to the class. From the editors: The author takes you on a historical road trip into the evolution of peer tutoring. What its roots are and how far the peer tutoring system has developed in the past three hundred years are explained while the writer gives insight into a little known facet of the S.U. Writing Program: the peer consultants. History The textbook definition of peer tutoring is "a system of instruction in which learners help each other and learn (themselves) by teaching," (Goodlad and Hirst 13). Key to this definition is the word peer, meaning someone with the same or a nearly equal status as the person being tutored, who, as such, is not a professional instructor. Peer tutoring has played an important part in education and has probably existed in some incarnation since the beginning of civilization. But the first recorded use of an organized, systematic peer tutorial learning project in the Western World didn't come about until the late 1700's. Arising from school budget woes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, peer tutoring became an effective way of giving underprivileged (at this time, sadly, only male) children a reasonable shot at an education. The first systematic approach to peer tutoring is credited to Andrew Bell, who was the superintendent of the Military Male Asylum at Egmore, in England (Goodlad et.

Ishmael Essay -- essays research papers

Ishmael The book Ishmael, which was written by Daniel Quinn, is an adventure for the human mind and for society as a whole. Throughout the book Quinn explores many factual scientific principals, but the intent of the book is not to give one a lecture on science. The intentions of Quinn are to discuss and examine the beginnings and also the history of our ecologically dominating culture in which we live in. In this book, Ishmael is a telepathic, highly educated gorilla who explores with his fifth pupil the stories of the Takers and the Leavers. The Takers is a society in which man has freed himself from living day to day, through this wondering if he will be able to find food tomorrow. Takers believe that through technology they can achieve a perfect world where no one suffers from hunger, disease, and poverty. Ishmael though points out that through this search for this perfect world that this has lead to the desecration of the Leaver culture and a decline in community diversity; humanity mus t find a different way to live. The Leavers are a different culture with a different outlook than the Takers. The Leavers live within their means and do not exempt themselves from the laws of competition. From Ishmael, â€Å"The Leaver lifestyle it’s about letting the rest of the community live---and agriculturalists can do that† (Quinn 250). Leavers see the world before the humans as orderly, and in perfect working condition. As a result of the Leavers not producing excessive food their numbe...

Learning and Good Manager Essay

Good managers are born, not made. Discuss this idea whilst exploring key characteristics of an effective manager. For a long time, many people have questioned whether a good manager is born naturally, or they can learn and train to become a good manager. For people who think that a good manager is born, they believe that an effective manager is born with some specific skills and characteristics that ordinary people do not have. â€Å"Charisma and trait are qualities which are generated from inside a person† (Junaid 2010). However, a stronger believes in nobody born with perfect competence. In fact, it is rarely to find people who just naturally good at anything. Achievement in life requires hard work, experience, and skills (Lash, J. 2007). Everyone can develop by learning and training to become better. They can change their attitude and acquire appropriate capability and attribute that required for a good manager. It is ambiguous in the aspect of good managers are born, not made, because there are many evidences and researches that explain how ordinary people can become a good manager. First and foremost, people who support the first reason that nature select a specific group of people to be a good manager by giving charisma and trait. According to Weber (1947) as cited by Raktabutr (2007), supernatural and particular forces grant charisma which is a precise quality of a personality to extraordinary person. Charisma and trait are the main factors that can make anyone become a well manager. For example, motivation is one of the key characteristic of an effective manager which is generate from inside, this type of characteristic is difficult to learn and understand. In such circumstance a proficient manager can considered as a leader, they have to know how to motivate other people in workplace. As Edward Deci (n. d. ) as cited by Llewellyn and Holt (n. d. ) write in why we do what we do: Understanding self-motivation. A place that feels connected, independent, and authorized is lead people to be self-motivated. Failure is a part of process that managers have to concede, because they have to encourage risk-taking and creativity. Effective managers have to build up the dynamic atmosphere in workplace to ensure that his co-worker and subordinate have passion to complete their task, and then it will make the outcome of their task effective and efficiency. Whereas, people who do not have this key distinctive, they can get in trouble when they have to motivate other people, because it is inconsistent to motivate to different people. Another key determinant that essential is self-confidence. Manager has to show his confidence to make his underling believe and respect to him, because manager cannot do everything they can only manage and assign task to his subordinate. While people who do not born with this ability, they can face the problem about how to act to other people to gain their trust and respect. These key characteristics are come from aptitude that manager can know immediately how to deal with problem. It could be said that other people who do not have charisma and trait cannot be a good manager, because these attributes ingrained with special people since they were born. There was an early psychological research, which were studied inborn characteristics or traits from successful leaders. The ascription is people can be a good manager if they could be found with these traits. Stogdill (1974) determine the following traits and skills as needful to manager, which consist of intelligence, conceptually skilled, imaginative, sagacious, management ability , convincing , interpersonal relations, adjustable to situations ,active to social environment ,commitment and achievement-orientated ,assertive ,cooperative , decided , trustworthy ,dominant, ardent, relentless, self-confident ,and repressive of stress. In the other hand, there are some evidences that explain how normal people who do not born with inherited specialties can learn and practice to become a good manager. Every person has to learn to acquire skills and cognition. â€Å"The most important skill for everyone is the ability to manipulate their learning† (Mcnamara, C. n. d. ). Everyone can gain a lot of benefit from learning, if they have high level of stimulus and self-directed reader. People can be a good manager by using Management development program, which is include both informal and formal method. For informal method, it can help everyone improve some key characteristics that requisite for a good manager by reading some articles, and discussing management with other people. Taking a course, seminar or workshop is another good opportunity for regular people to develop themselves to be a capable manager. There is an executive education program for manager has been provided by Harvard business school, the length of this course is around three months. This course accepts managers from all over the world. This full time course at Harvard business school offer precise learning experiences that allow managers to learn how to use vision to create effective management decision, and how to see organization as a whole picture. It is also cover all areas of management from accounting, finance, technology, operations, strategy, and marketing, international economy and organizational change. This program offers opportunity to participants to understand the key characteristics of a good manager. Almost 12,000 managers who have gone on to top leadership positions in some of the most well known companies in the world, after they graduated from this course. Therefore, it is clear that good manager can be made by training and learning, since there are plenty of ways to develop skills and characteristics by both formal and informal method. In conclusion, although, the people who born with unique skills and knowledge take advantage more than other people, normal people who want to be a good manager can expand their capability to acquire these requirements, if they have high commitment on their goal and work hard enough. Since nowadays, there are many courses and programs that provide for people to improve their abilities such as training class, which can determine and supply special skills that manager needs, and these type of programs are accepted by most organizations in the world. Thus, in my opinion, it is irrational that good manager is born. Every people can make themselves to become an effective manager, because everyone can define their own destiny.

Free Movement of Persons Within the European Union essays

Free Movement of Persons Within the European Union essays Free movement of persons rights can be seen as a tiered level of packages rotating around the fundamental concept of the worker. Rights and obligations arise out of the basic need to ensure the free movement of one of the main factors of production in the community. Illustrate this statement with case law and an analysis of the main regulation in this field. In what areas does the link with the worker concept no longer need to be so strong? Freedom of movement for persons and the abolition of controls at internal frontiers forms part of a wider concept, that of the internal market, in which it is not possible for internal frontiers to exist or for individuals to be hampered in their movements. The concept of the free movement of persons has changed in meaning since its inception. The first provisions on the subject referred merely to the free movement of individuals considered as economic agents, either as employees or providers of services. The original economic concept has gradually widened to take on a more general meaning connected with the idea of Union citizenship, independent of any economic activity or distinctions of nationality. Article 2: The Union shall set itself the following objectives (...)to maintain and develop the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice, in which the free movement of persons is assured in conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime, Article 14 ECT: Establishing the internal market including the free movement of persons. The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty. Article 18 ECT: Union citizens have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. Every citizen of the Union shall h...

Right or wrong in the Internet Essay Example

Right or wrong in the Internet Essay Example Right or wrong in the Internet Essay Right or wrong in the Internet Essay Exercise 5 It is undeniable that media has positive impacts on the development of humans knowledge. However, besides a lot of advantages of media in the high-tech world, it also has some foreseen disadvantages for some following reasons. Firstly, it is considered that media provides people a chance to reach the new civilization in the world and bestows people upon knowledge about many fields in our lives. Furthermore, the most convenient and smart techniques are conducive to saving time. It is clearly seen that people may stay at home to manage their work effectively rather than be at office all day. This leads to the good influence on saving peoples health and money. Moreover, hardly do people go to the library to look for books or do complex surveys or research when they know how to use computers. However, media has some disadvantages which results in people society skills and characteristic. It is clearly seen that Internet nowadays creates a variety of games with colorful images and live sounds. It is the reasons why students spend all their time playing game-online that make them hardly concentrate on their study. On the other hand, people use computer as a communication media. No matter where they are, they can gossip with their friends. Not only do they want to hang out and communicate with other people but they also are at the loss of communication skills. They do not know how to share, how to behave with their parents and family, how to work in a team. This leads to their being soulless and lack of experiences to do Jobs n the future. With flows of information from media bombarding people from all fronts, they may grow confused. Today, that there are unreliable information relating to government or political problems are appeared in Internet sites make people misled and some solutions should be suggested by appropriate authorities to prevent from unrealistic information. In conclusion, it is noticeable that people should use information from media selectively to learn and work effectively and usefully.

Miracle Worker essays

Miracle Worker essays The purpose of my essay is to persuade the reader that your goal can be accomplished when you work hard to try to achieve it. In life people work hard to try to accomplish something they cant do and want to be able to do. There are few people in our world that are blind and deaf. It takes them a long time to accept their disability and the method of learning. In the play, The Miracle Worker by William Gibson, Annie teaches Helen a way of hearing and seeing in a way she understood. Helen couldnt see or hear and Annie taught Helen everyday until one day Helen just understood what an object was and the name it had. It took practice but Annie reached her goal, which was to help Helen understand life. In the play Annie says Helen, the chick has to come out of its shell sometime, you come out too. (p. ) Annie is telling Helen its hard to accept but you will eventually understand and learn to accept it. Being blind and deaf if like being in a different world, two of your most important senses are absent in your life. You have to learn your own way to understand. Annie taught Helen in a way that Helen could understand and remember. Helen started to learn when she started to realize smells and feeling go with a word. Annie also tells Helen Theres only one way out, for you, and its language. (p. ) Helen is telling Annie the only way she will be able to hear and see is by learning a language, understanding and knowing what something is with a name and picture. Helen started to understand words when she put the word water with the feeling of water. Babies learn how to talk when they hear the word repeatedly and start to understand words go with a picture. Helen, at the end, finally understood what a language was and how she can learn around her disability. It took her awhile to learn, but Annie kept working until she finally under...

Business Ethics Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Ethics Master - Essay Example Unfortunately, fast food can only be delivered fast if it is fried. This is because frying food in oil is the fastest way of cooking something, especially meat, which is preferred by most people. Secondly, fatty food tastes better. Fat itself has a lot of taste. The real magic of fried food tasting so good is not in the hands of the chef. There is no real secret ingredient. The only ingredient which everyone loves in their fast food is fat. This fat however has caused a bit of a dilemma though because even though it tastes excellent, it is full of saturated hydrogen compounds which are very difficult for our body to break down and digest properly. Hence, our body doesn't digest them when it's confronted with such large amounts of it. It merely deposits it in convenient places in our body, hence leading to obesity. Now this would have been relatively fine if it was only happening to the very busy Mr. Businessman. But the truth is, fast food has become the very thing to have at mealtim es. It's become not a thing to have just when you are running late, but as the only meal no matter who you are and which meal of the day you are having. Careless parents give their children loads of cash without bothering to ask where it is being spent, either on pornography, drugs or fast food. Hence children have become dependent upon it and fat being so tasty has become sort of an addiction for these children and they have completely switched from eating proper meals to eating fast foods whenever they feel hungry. In fact, marketing of such products have become so good and so persuasive that young employees and entrepreneurs are also on the same path. So who can blame the children They are only doing what they see going on around them. No warning, no label and not the tiniest hint of the truth. Marketing of fast food is going on so ferociously that for many marketing companies, the account of a corporate giant has become the swan song of the company which was once up in rompers. Ethical Theories The bottom line for every big cheese is always is that whatever they are doing is not unethical. Big corporations put a lot of effort and even more money in trying to make everything they do seem ethical, even if it involves tearing families apart and nailing small children on the wall. Utilitarianism This is one of the theories of ethics with a contrasting opinion of itself. It basically says that man is allowed to do anything as long as it is "for the greater good"1. This means that on one hand it's ok for scientists to make human clones then chop them up into pieces for their organs because apparently they will not be accepted into society as they are completely alienated from our experiences of life and they would come under better use if their organs are used to save "real" humans. On the other hand however, killing these clones might promote a feeling of neglecting the value of human life and our children who will grow up seeing this inhumane treatment will learn to value human life even less than the scientists and political figures do at present. Applying this to our topic, it is good for McDonalds to promote their Big Mac and for KFC to promote their version of packaged fat because they are serving the society by saving

Negotiating Strategy on XYZ Airport Services Essay

Negotiating Strategy on XYZ Airport Services - Essay Example Under this stage, XYZ should get to know the other party (Airport Authority) by initially setting an appointment. Before making any attempt to establish a wide-range of the settlement with the Airport Authority, the top management of XYZ should carefully plan on some strategies that could enable both parties to come up with a win-win situation or conduct negotiations on neutral ground (Guirdham 2002, pp. 400 – 404). Since negotiation process is dynamic by nature, Shell (2001) suggests the need to be careful when choosing the best bargaining style. In line with this, negotiator such as in the case of XYZ company should consider not only the culture but also the personality of the people behind the Airport Authority. For instance: The personality of the people behind the Airport Authority is outgoing. Therefore, it is necessary on the part of XYZ company to satisfy the personality, needs and wants of the people behind the Airport Authority. Since most of them are outgoing people, XYZ management should invite and treat these people to have lunch or dinner as a group meeting or play golf while discussing the issue involved. This strategy will enable XYZ management to easily win the trust and sympathy of the people behind Airport Authority. Becoming familiar with the entry phase of negotiation is a crucial factor that determines whether or not the outcome of a given negotiation process can be successful. Right timing is very important in the negotiation process. As explained by Zartmann (2002) and Rubin (1989), the process of knowing the phases of negotiation could somehow enable the negotiator to know whether or not it is the right time to begin the pre-negotiation stage, the formal negotiation stage which normally takes place after the preparation stage, and ends the bargaining process which is the post-negotiation stage.

Self learning assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self learning assessment - Essay Example To gain trust with readers writers typically convey an understanding of prevalent needs and issues through storytelling, metaphors, satire and humor. To gain credibility and expertise in certain types of written communication, a writer must conduct extensive research. For effective use of rhetoric in writing one must gain the readers trust (Livnat, 2009). The traditional definition of rhetoric, first proposed by Aristotle, and embellished over the centuries by scholars and teachers, is that rhetoric is the art of observing in any given case the â€Å"available means of persuasion.† We employ rhetoric whether we’re conscious of it or not, but becoming conscious of how rhetoric works has transformed my speaking, reading, and writing, making me more successful and an able communicator and a more discerning audience (Koerber, 2006). Genre refers to abstract, socially recognized ways of using language. I have learnt that it is based on the idea that members of a community usually have little difficulty in recognizing similarities in the texts they use frequently and are able to draw on their repeated experiences with such texts to read, understand, and perhaps write them relatively easily (Judy, 2008). This is, in part, because writing is a practice based on expectations: the reader’s chances of interpreting the writer’s purpose are increased if the writer takes the trouble to anticipate what the reader might be expecting based on previous texts they have read of the same kind. While genres are seen more specifically as related to groups, they are also seen in the wider context of the activities that surround the use of texts. Thus, for Swales (1998, p. 20), genres: ‘Orchestrate verbal life. These genres link the past and the present, and so balance forces for tradition and innovation. They s tructure the roles of individuals within wider frameworks and further assist those individuals with the actualization of their

High-level and Low-level Languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High-level and Low-level Languages - Essay Example The programming languages that are very similar to machine code (such as 0s and 1s) are acknowledged as low-level programming languages. Basically, in these languages the program instructions are written in binary form. In addition, low-level programming languages offer the programmer a high level control over hardware however they require a deep knowledge of the internal structure of the hardware to be used. These programming languages are not normally used by the programmers because it is very difficult to learn and understand them. High-level Languages The programming languages that are very similar to the human languages (e.g. like English language) are acknowledged as the high-level languages. The examples of high-level languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C++ etc. These languages are similar to the English language. In other words, it is relatively easy to understand the code written in high level programming languages. In these languages, program instructions are written using English words, for instance print, input, square etc. However, each high-level programming language has its own rules or grammar for writing program instructions. These rules are called syntax of the language. In addition, the program written in high-level language must be translated to machine code before they are executed on the computer. For this purpose, each high-level language has its own translator program, which converts the code of that source language into the computer understandable form. Advantages of High-Level Languages There are many advantages of high-level programming languages. Some of the most important advantages are outlined below: (ninja craze, 2012; Lee, 2000) Easy to Learn In view of the fact that the high level programming languages are similar to human languages thus they are very easy to learn as compared to low-level languages. The instructions written for the program are similar to English like statements. Easy to understand The program written in high-level language by one programmer can easily be understood by another programmer or person because the program instructions are similar to the English language statements. In this way, if a software application has been developed using a high level programming language can be modified by another programmer later on. Easy to write programs In a high-level languag

Describing a situation where leadership was properly exemplified or Essay - 1

Describing a situation where leadership was properly exemplified or not - Essay Example One of the recent incidents provides a clear piece of information about the implementation of the leadership strategies and plan of actions to contribute in the declination to the war on terrorism that is the ‘assassination of the mastermind of terror, Osama Bin Laden’ (Granderson, 2011). The killing of Osama Bin Laden is a recent occurrence of an event under the leadership of Barack Husein Obama, the current president of the United States of America. If one tries to look at different aspects of this event, it is an observation that although this event became one of the most talked-about events of the history, and media of the whole world counted it as greatest victory of Obama’s leadership. However, it is very important the one should look at different effects of this leadership while considering the case study of Osama’s killing. While analyzing it on ethical basis, study indicates that the Obama’s leadership decided to carry out killing of Osama b ased on different allegations, most common, 9/11 attacks on World Trade Center in 2011 (CNN, 2011).

High-level and Low-level Languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High-level and Low-level Languages - Essay Example The programming languages that are very similar to machine code (such as 0s and 1s) are acknowledged as low-level programming languages. Basically, in these languages the program instructions are written in binary form. In addition, low-level programming languages offer the programmer a high level control over hardware however they require a deep knowledge of the internal structure of the hardware to be used. These programming languages are not normally used by the programmers because it is very difficult to learn and understand them. High-level Languages The programming languages that are very similar to the human languages (e.g. like English language) are acknowledged as the high-level languages. The examples of high-level languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C++ etc. These languages are similar to the English language. In other words, it is relatively easy to understand the code written in high level programming languages. In these languages, program instructions are written using English words, for instance print, input, square etc. However, each high-level programming language has its own rules or grammar for writing program instructions. These rules are called syntax of the language. In addition, the program written in high-level language must be translated to machine code before they are executed on the computer. For this purpose, each high-level language has its own translator program, which converts the code of that source language into the computer understandable form. Advantages of High-Level Languages There are many advantages of high-level programming languages. Some of the most important advantages are outlined below: (ninja craze, 2012; Lee, 2000) Easy to Learn In view of the fact that the high level programming languages are similar to human languages thus they are very easy to learn as compared to low-level languages. The instructions written for the program are similar to English like statements. Easy to understand The program written in high-level language by one programmer can easily be understood by another programmer or person because the program instructions are similar to the English language statements. In this way, if a software application has been developed using a high level programming language can be modified by another programmer later on. Easy to write programs In a high-level languag

Local Community by Volunteering Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Local Community by Volunteering - Lab Report Example These goals and objectives can only be achieved when a company is able to take appropriate decisions to cope with unexpected situations. Moreover, good image among people also plays a key role in the success of a company. A good company or organization is one which not only seeks profits through providing quality products and services to the customers but also stands by their side in case of natural disasters. In this report, we will discuss how Toyota, a Japanese car manufacturing company, can work towards bringing improvement to the lives of people affected due to recent earthquake and tsunami. 2. Importance of the Event The 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused severe damages to Japan’s economy. The earthquake not only affected lives of the people living near the focal point of the earthquake but also adversely affected the car manufacturing industry and Japan’s nuclear system. Being nationals of Japan, it is one of our main responsibilities to work towards bringing imp rovement to the lives of people and to the overall economy of Japan. For this reason, we can plan to organize a function or event that will provide an opportunity for internal clients and community members to network while also raising money. As the community is badly hit by the natural disaster, the funds can go towards disaster relief center of Japan. It will also provide us with the opportunity to raise our company’s profile among the local community. 3. Overview of the Idea Being the advisor to the head of division, I have planned an event which can help us accomplish the above-mentioned tasks. The plan is to organize a car racing event in 10 main cities of Japan, which include Nagoya, Toyohashi, Ichinomiya, Okazaki, Toyota, Inazawa, Inuyama, Kariya, Setyo, and Handa. The event will be organized in December. In the car racing event, we will not use hybrid cars, rather we will introduce our latest electric cars in order to make people aware of our latest developments. We w ill specially invite our internal clients along with the community members in the event. For the collection of funds, we will use the following ways: 1. Funds collected through sale of tickets 2. Funds collected through company’s net profits 3. Funds collected through participation of rich internal clients 3.1 Usage of Funds The main intent of the plan is to collect a good amount of funds through the event in order to use those funds to bring relief to the lives of the affected people. Some part of the collected funds will be given to the Japan disaster management center in order to make our contribution in providing relief to the economy of the county. Our main is to use the collected funds in the benefits of our society. We will help our people stand on their toes once again. The event will be organized in those cities which are not affected by the disaster and where people have strong financial backgrounds. We will educate people regarding the need of their participation i n bringing improvement to the nation’s economy. The event will not only help us collect a high amount of funds but also it will help our company maintain a good image among the local community. 3.2 External Consultant The event will include all those activities which are critically important for the success of any specific event. Along with car racing, some other attractive features of the event will incl

Business Ethics in Brazil Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics in Brazil Essay In this comparative survey of 126 Brazilian and U.S. business professionals, we explore the effect of national culture on ethical decisionmaking within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examined how these two countries’ differences on Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism Rafik I. Beekun (Ph.D., The University of Texas, Austin) is Professor of Management and Strategy in the Managerial Sciences Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. His current research interests are in the area of strategic adaptation, the link between national cultures and ethics, and the relationship between management and spirituality. He has published in such journals as Journal of Applied Psychology, Human Relations, Journal of Management and Decision Sciences. Correspondence regarding this article should be sent to him at: Managerial Sciences Department, Mail Stop 28, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0206. Yvonne Stedham (Ph.D., University of Kansas) is an Associate Professor of Management in the Managerial Sciences Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. She has published in such journals as the Journal of Management and Journal of Management Studies. Dr. Stedham’s research focuses on the following areas: CEO performance evaluation, gender discrimination in employment, ethics in business, decision making across cultures, and managing knowledge workers. Jeanne H. Yamamura (CPA, Ph.D., Washington State University) is an Associate Professor of Accounting in the College of Business at the University of Nevada Reno. Her teaching responsibilities include auditing and accounting information systems c ourses. Dr. Yamamura’s research focuses on the management of accounting professionals with a particular interest in cross-cultural differences and her work has been published in accounting and business journals. She has extensive practical experience in the field of accounting through her previous employment in public and private accounting. Rafik I. Beekun Yvonne Stedham Jeanne H. Yamamura dimension are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Our results indicate that Brazilians and Americans evaluate the ethical content of actions or decisions differently when applying utilitarian criteria. By contrast, business people from both countries do not differ significantly when they use egoistic criteria in evaluating the ethical nature of business decisions. KEY WORDS: Brazil, egoism, ethics, national culture, U.S., utilitarianism As business organizations move from domestic to global and transnational competition, they are finding that cultural values vary significantly across national boundaries, and are likely to affect business practices (Husted, 2000). During the past decade, several researchers (Ferrell and Gresham, 1985; Hunt et al., 1989; Abratt et al., 1992; Hunt and Vitell, 1992; Tsalikis and Nwachukwu, 1991; Vitell et al., 1993) have noted the potential influence of national c ulture on ethics within a business context. What obscures the impact of national culture on ethics is that business practices may conflict with ethical values in a manner that medicine, law and government do not (DeGeorge, 1993). Not surprisingly, empirical research investigating the relationship between national culture and ethical decision-making is relatively sparse (Vitell et al., 1993). A primary reason for exploring the effects of culture on ethics is the increased globalization of business. This trend, in turn, is characterized by a diverse array of interorganizational arrangements that require cross-cultural interaction. As a result, cultural misunderstandings are likely to occur. One of the key areas where such mis- Journal of Business Ethics 42: 267–279, 2003.  © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 268 Rafik I. Beekun et al. understandings take place is in the area of ethics, partly because of the influence that national cultures may have upon business ethics (Husted, 2000). Accordingly, in our study, we explore the relationship between national culture and business ethics. We will seek to investigate what process underlies ethical behavior across national boundaries. Understanding this process may help global managers develop tools to promote ethical behavior in their international workforce. In this research, we compare two culturally diverse countries, the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, in order to identify similarities and differences with regard to approaches toward ethical decision-making in a business context. Since culture is a broad concept, it is necessary to specify the values that could be related to behaviors or practices (Husted, 2000). For the purposes of this study, we used a well-established framework of national culture (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede conducted one of the most important studies that ascertained the relationship between national culture and management. From this study, he identified several â€Å"value† dimensions along which countries differ. Using Hofstede’s (1980) framework, we carried out a crosscultural, comparative survey to assess the relationship between his individualism/collectivism dimension of national culture and ethical criteria. With respect to ethical decision-making, we adopted the instrument proposed and validated by Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990). They have generated a set of scales that measure the core dimensions characterizing different perspectives of ethical philosophy. Defining national culture: Hofstede’s dimensions of culture Multiple definitions and conceptualizations of national culture exist (Hofstede, 1980, 1988, 2001; Kluckhohn, 1951, 1962; Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, 1961; Ronen and Shenkar, 1985; Trompenaars, 1993). Although these frameworks and conceptualizations typically center on values, they differ with respect to the specific values that are included in their respective frameworks. For instance, Trompenaars (1993) focuses on values related to relationships such as obligation, emotional orientation in relationships, and involvement in relationships. By contrast, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) emphasize more global values such as people’s relationship to nature and time-orientation. With respect to our study, Hofstede’s framework of national cultures is the most appropriate since he ident ified values related to economic activity (Husted, 2000). Therefore, his framework is germane for the study of business decisions. Focusing on national cultures, Hofstede (1997, p. 260) defines culture as the â€Å"collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another†. Thus, although the problems faced by groups (whether organizational or national) are universal, the solutions devised by each group may be relatively unique to that group. These solutions then become taken for granted over time, and may suggest why people hold certain beliefs and behave the way they do (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997). Hofstede (1980, 1988) has suggested that five dimensions of national culture underlie differences in the behavior of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Since these dimensions describe how individuals view and interpret situations and behavior, they are likely to be related to how individuals engage in decision-making in general (Weick, 1979; Adler, 2002). Ethical decisionmaking, too, is likely to be affected by these dimensions of national culture. Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions (1980, 1988) are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism, and long-term/short-term orientation. Power distance refers to the degree to which less powerful members in a country accept an unequal distribution of power. Uncertainty avoidance depicts a people’s ability to cope with ambiguous situations as well as the mechanisms they have created to avoid such situations. Masculinity exemplifies a focus on material things, such as money, success, etc., whereas femininity refers to a focus on quality of life, caring, etc. Individualism, which will be discussed in more detail later, refers to the tendency of people to consider their interests and those of A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics their immediate family only. By contrast, collectivism refers to the inclination of people to view themselves as part of a larger group, and to protect the interests of group members. Longterm/short-term orientation describes the time perspective people take when dealing with a situation. Table I represents the scores for Hofstede’s cultural dimensions for Brazil and the U.S. While the scores indicate dissimilarities between the U.S. and Brazil on all five cultural dimensions, by far the largest difference appears in the individualism/collectivism dimension. Brazil scored low on individualism, and hence is considered a collectivistic country; by contrast, the U.S. scored high on individualism and is considered an individualistic country. The individualism/collectivism dimension describes how individuals relate to others and to society, and represents the extent to which they are emotionally and cognitively attached to a particular network of individuals. Individualism describes the inclination of individuals to be primarily concerned with their personal interests and their immediate family’s welfare (Hofstede, 1980). Members of a highly individualistic country view themselves as independent of organizations or institutions, and place a higher value on self-reliance and individual action. Collectivism, in comparison, describes a culture where individuals are viewed as part of a larger group, and look after each other. Collectivistic cultures protect the interests of their members in return for their loyalty. In collectivist cultures, morality is defined in terms of the benefits for the in-group (family, friends, work companies, 269 etc.), implying the maintenance of solidarity (Triandis and Bhawuk, 1997). Hofst ede (1980) noted that the individualism/collectivism dimension carried â€Å"strong moral overtones† because this dimension was reflected in value systems shared by the majority. For example, in a highly individualistic country, individualism is viewed as a strength and the major reason for the country’s accomplishments. By comparison, inhabitants of a highly collectivistic country view an emphasis on self as a negative attribute to be eliminated for the good of society. Competing ethical frameworks for business decisions Ethics are the principles of human conduct regarding either an individual or a group (Shaw, 1999), and represent the moral standards not governed by law, that focus on the human consequences of actions (Francesco and Gold, 1998). Ethics often require behavior that meets higher standards than those established by law, including selfless behavior rather than calculated action intended to produce a tangible benefit. With respect to this study, business ethics describe the ultimate rules governing the assessment of â€Å"what constitutes right or wrong, or good or bad human conduct in a business context† (Shaw, 1999). In the assessment of ethical behavior, perception is critical (Hartmann, 2000). Indeed, ethical decisions may be influenced by our own perception, by others’ perceptions of our actions, and by our perception of â€Å"universal laws†. As a TABLE I Cultural dimensions (Hofstede 1980, 1988, 2001) Dimensions of culture U.S. Brazil Difference Power distance Uncertainty avoidance 40 46 69 76 (29) (30) Individualism/Collectivism 91 38 53 Masculine/Feminine Confucian Dynamism 62 29 49 65 13 (36) 270 Rafik I. Beekun et al. result, our final choices may be determined by the perception tha t is the most salient at the time. Further, Hartmann suggests that cultures may differ not only with respect to the ethical principles underlying decisions but also with respect to which of the three stakeholders – self, society, and universal laws – is emphasized in any given situation. Depending on which stakeholder is emphasized, people from different cultures may vary in their assessment of the ethical nature of a decision. Across most situations, ethical principles that distinguish right from wrong actions are encompassed by several normative theories, e.g., justice, relativism, egoism, utilitarianism, and deontology. These theories can generate potentially conflicting interpretations of what is ethical or unethical, originating from the very nature of the theories themselves. Moreover, prior research (Cohen et al., 1996; Hansen, 1992; Reidenbach and Robin, 1988, 1990) indicates that individuals making ethical decisions do not select a single theory or philosophy by which to make their decisions. In fact, Reidenbach and Robin (1988) found that a varying combination of ethical philosophies or theories is employed when ethical decisions are made. Shaw (1999) draws a distinction between two types of ethical theories, consequentialist and nonconsequentialist. Consequentialist theories suggest that the moral rightness of an action depends on the actual or intended results of the action. What is right is determined by â€Å"weighing the ratio of good to bad that an action is likely to produce† (Shaw, 1999, p. 45). A key issue underlying consequentialist theories is the nature of the beneficiaries of the action under consideration. Should one consider the consequences for oneself or for all involved? The most important consequentialist theories are egoism and utilitarianism. Egoism promotes individual self-interest as the guiding principle whereas utilitarianism advocates that everyone affected by the action or decision must be taken into account (Shaw, 1999). By contrast, nonconsequentialist theories suggest that it is not simply the consequence of an act that matters, but also its inherent character. Although these theories do not deny that con- sequences are morally relevant, they assert that other factors are also important in assessing the moral significance of an action. For example, â€Å"breaking a promise† is wrong not simply because of the consequences that result from breaking it, but also because of the nature of the act itself. In this study, we focus on consequentialist theories for several reasons. First, Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism dimension can be clearly and easily related to the two consequentialist theories. Second, the two theories represent the perceptions of two of the three possible sta keholders identified by Hartmann (2000), namely own perceptions and others’ perceptions. Third, staying within one theoretical category allows for a much more parsimonious, yet thorough, analysis. Ethical perspectives and national culture: hypotheses Whether egoistic or utilitarian principles are employed, ethics are a product of a society’s culture, which includes its traditions, values, and norms. Within a society, ethical behavior is generally agreed upon. Francesco and Gold (1998, p. 40) explain that â€Å"members implicitly understand how relationships, duties and obligations among people and groups ought to be conducted, and distinguish between their selfinterests and the interests of others.† However, when two or more countries interact, they often find that their ethics differ. According to Hendry (1999), these differences may lead to three types of culturally based ethical conflicts. First, there are those conflicts where the ethical values typifying the two national cultures lead to differing conclusions; what is deemed unethical from one perspect ive is considered to be ethical from the other. Second, conflict may arise when businesspersons from one culture consider something morally significant whereas their counterparts from another culture are ethically neutral. Third, business people from two cultures may interpret a common situation differently even when there is some commonality among their national values. A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics To investigate the relationship between national culture and ethics, we chose two culturally diverse countries, Brazil and the U.S. Given the differences in their respective national cultures, we expect Brazilians and Americans to differ in their assessment of the ethical content of business decisions. Accordingly, we propose the following hypothesis: H1: The assessment of the ethical content of business decisions is a function of national culture. Egoism and individualism/collectivism According to egoism, the only valid standard of one’s behavior is one’s obligation to advance one’s well-being above everyone else’s (Beauchamp and Bowie, 1997). Promotion of one’s own longterm interest is viewed as the only worthwhile objective and the only determinant of whether an act is morally right or not. Nothing is owed to others or to the organization that one works in. Those who abide by this approach to ethics intensely believe that all altruistic efforts by others are really acts of self-promotion since an individual may have to help others in order to advance his/her own interests. Brazil is collectivistic whereas the U.S. is individualistic. As discussed earlier, persons from an individualistic culture emphasize their families’ and their own int erests. H1.a: When applying egoistic criteria to judge the ethical content of an action or a decision, respondents from the U.S. will be less likely than respondents from Brazil to see a decision or action as unethical. Utilitarianism and individualism/collectivism Utilitarianism, in direct contrast to egoism, â€Å"is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our action† (Shaw, 1999, p. 49). Although utilitarians also 271 evaluate an action in terms of its consequences, an action is ethical if it results in the greatest benefit or â€Å"good† for the largest number of people. Issues of self-interest are not germane since actions are assessed in accordance with one primary standard: the general good. Utilitarianism has long been associated with social improvement and the promotion of actions that are in the best interest of â€Å"the community.† Actions are right if they promote the greatest human welfare. Brazil is collectivistic. Persons from a collectivistic culture focus on actions that lead to the greatest benefit for most members of a group. H1.b: When applying utilitarian criteria to judge the ethical content of an action or a decision, respondents from Brazil will be less likely than respondents from the U.S. to see an action or decision as unethical. To be consistent with prior ethics research (Reidenbach and Robin, 1988), the above hypotheses (H1.a and H1.b) together suggest that Americans and Brazilians rely on more than one ethical criterion when assessing the ethical content of an action or decision. However, we are also suggesting that when each specific ethical criterion they refer to is considered separately, people from different national cultures will vary in their assessment of the ethical content of a course of action or a decision. Methodology Sample Data were collected from 126 respondents – 92 from the U.S. and 34 from Brazil. U.S. participants included MBA students at a regional university as well as business professionals. Brazilian participants were all students enrolled in an Executive MBA program. We used MBA students in our study for two reasons. First, MBA students are a commonly used proxy for business people (Dubinsky and Rudelius, 1980). Dubinsky and Rudelius’ (1980) comparison of 272 Rafik I. Beekun et al. student versus professional evaluations found a high degree of congruence between the two groups. Second, since all students (both U.S. and Brazilian) were currently employed by companies or had recent professional work experience, the sample can be used as a proxy for business professionals in both countries. Data collection The instrument we used was Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) pre-validated, multi-criteria instrument incorporating the core dimensions that underlie several ethical perspectives. We selected this survey instrument because it is a multi-philosophy and multi-item questionnaire. As a result, it will enable us to assess both ethical dimensions of interest, i.e., egoism and utilitarianism, simultaneously. This instrument incorporates multiple items for each ethical philosophy and, therefore, is relatively more reliable than single item instruments (Kerlinger, 1986). Reidenbach and Robin’s instrument includes an initial set of scales that has shown evidence of high reliability and modest convergent validity with respect to U.S. respondents. The scales correlate highly with a univariate measure of the ethical content of situations. Hence, the instrument can be said to have high construct validity in the U.S. Additional reliability and validation efforts for the wh ole sample and for Brazil specifically are reported below. Using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = ethical, 7 = unethical), respondents were asked to rate the action in three scenarios using the criteria (items) described in Table II. The perception of and the criteria emphasized in evaluating the ethical content of a decision or situation depend on the nature of the decision or the situation. In accordance with previous research, scenarios will be used in this study to provide the contextual stimulus and to motivate the evaluation process (Alexander and Becker, 1978). We adopted the three scenarios developed and validated by Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990). Table III presents the three scenarios used in this study. Data were collected by means of the abovementioned instrument administered to Brazilian participants (in Portuguese) and provided via written instrument and website access to U.S. participants (in English). The Brazilian instrument was back translated to ensure equivalence. Efforts were made to establish the reliability and validity of the instrument in this comparative context and are reported as follows. We examined the reliability of the instrument by assessing its internal consistency through the use of Cronbach’s alpha. Since we used three different measures (one for each of the scenarios), we calculated three inter-item coefficient alphas. The Cronbach alpha was 0.81 for the first scenario, 0.75 for the second scenario and 0.86 for the third scenario. All three coefficients indicate that the scale items are internally con- TABLE II Ethics instrument scales Ethical perspective Items (Seven-point Likert scale †“ 1 to 7)* Egoism Self promoting/not self promoting Self sacrificing/not self sacrificing Personally satisfying/not personally satisfying Utilitarianism Produces greatest utility/produces the least utility Maximizes benefits while minimizes harm/minimizes benefits while maximizes harm Leads to the greatest good for the greatest number/leads to the least good for the greatest number * Generally speaking, in the above bipolar scales, 1 = fair or just or efficient (ethical) whereas 7 = unfair, unjust or inefficient (unethical). A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics